Focusont
heLear
ner
s(Devel
opmentTheor
yI)
SigmundFr eudTheori
es
“Themindislikei
ceberg,itf
loat
swi t
hone-sevent
hofi
tsbul
kabovewater.”Hebel
i
eves
t
hatmuchofwhatt hepersonisreall
yabouti
snotwhatweseeintheout
side andwhat
i
sconscious,butwhatistherehiddenint
hesubconsci
ousmind.
Unconsci ous
Theunconsci ouscontainsallthosedri
ves,urges,orinst
inctsthatarebeyondour
awar enessbutt hatnevert
helessmot i
vat
emostofourwor ds,f eeli
ngs,andact i
ons.
Alt
houghwemaybeconsci ousofourover tbehavi
ours,weof tenarenotawar eoft he
ment alprocessesthatl
i
ebehi ndthem.Unconsciousistheexpl anat
ionforthemeani ng
behinddr eams,sli
psofthetongue,andcertai
nkindsofforget
ting,call
edrepressi
on.
Preconscious
Al
lthoseelementsthatarenotconsciousbutcanbecomeconsci ousei
therqui
te
readil
yorwi thsomedi f
fi
cult
y. Thecont entsoft hepr econsci
ouscomef rom t
wo
sources,the fir
stofwhi ch is consci
ous percepti
on.Whata per son per
ceives i
s
consciousforonlyatransi
tor
yper i
od;itqui
cklypassesint
ot hepreconsci
ouswhent he
focusofattent
ionshi
ft
st oanotheridea.
Conscious
Definedast hosement
al el
ementsinawar enessatanygivenpoi
nti
ntime.Iti
sthe
onl
ylevelofment all
if
edir
ect
lyavail
abletous.I
not herwords,whatwepercei
vethrough
oursenseor gans,i
fnott
oothreat
ening,ent
ersintoconsciousness.
Provi
ncesoftheMind
Freudalsoemphasi
zedthethreecomponent
sthatmakeupone’spersonal
i
ty,t
he
I
D,EGO,SUPEREGO.TheI Displeasur
ecentr
ed;theEGO isreal
i
tycanteredandthe
SUPEREGO,whi chisr
elat
edtotheegoideal
orconsci
ence
ID
Atthecor eofper sonali
tyandcompl etel
yunconsci ousi sthepsychi calregi
oncalledthe
ID. TheI D hasnocont actwi threali
ty,yetitstri
vesconst antlytor educetensionby
sati
sf yi
ngbasicdesires.Becausei tssolefuncti
oni stoseekpl easure,wesayt hattheid
servest hepleasurepr i
nciple.Besidesbei ngunrealisti
candpl easureseeking,theidi s
i
ll
ogi calandcansi mult
aneousl yentert
ainincompat i
bleideas.
I
nr eview,theidispr i
mitive,chaoti
c,i
naccessiblet oconsci ousness,unchangeabl e,
amor al
,il
logi
cal,unorganized,andf i
l
ledwi thener gyr eceivedf rom basicdrivesand
dischargedf orthesati
sfacti
onoft hepleasureprinciple.
EGO
Theego,orI,i
stheonl
yr egi
onofthemi ndincont
actwithr
eali
ty.I
tisgovernedby
t
her
eali
typr
inci
ple,whichi
ttr
iestosubsti
tut
ef ort
hepleasur
eprinci
pleoftheid.Asthe
1
heLear
ner
s(Devel
opmentTheor
yI)
SigmundFr eudTheori
es
“Themindislikei
ceberg,itf
loat
swi t
hone-sevent
hofi
tsbul
kabovewater.”Hebel
i
eves
t
hatmuchofwhatt hepersonisreall
yabouti
snotwhatweseeintheout
side andwhat
i
sconscious,butwhatistherehiddenint
hesubconsci
ousmind.
Unconsci ous
Theunconsci ouscontainsallthosedri
ves,urges,orinst
inctsthatarebeyondour
awar enessbutt hatnevert
helessmot i
vat
emostofourwor ds,f eeli
ngs,andact i
ons.
Alt
houghwemaybeconsci ousofourover tbehavi
ours,weof tenarenotawar eoft he
ment alprocessesthatl
i
ebehi ndthem.Unconsciousistheexpl anat
ionforthemeani ng
behinddr eams,sli
psofthetongue,andcertai
nkindsofforget
ting,call
edrepressi
on.
Preconscious
Al
lthoseelementsthatarenotconsciousbutcanbecomeconsci ousei
therqui
te
readil
yorwi thsomedi f
fi
cult
y. Thecont entsoft hepr econsci
ouscomef rom t
wo
sources,the fir
stofwhi ch is consci
ous percepti
on.Whata per son per
ceives i
s
consciousforonlyatransi
tor
yper i
od;itqui
cklypassesint
ot hepreconsci
ouswhent he
focusofattent
ionshi
ft
st oanotheridea.
Conscious
Definedast hosement
al el
ementsinawar enessatanygivenpoi
nti
ntime.Iti
sthe
onl
ylevelofment all
if
edir
ect
lyavail
abletous.I
not herwords,whatwepercei
vethrough
oursenseor gans,i
fnott
oothreat
ening,ent
ersintoconsciousness.
Provi
ncesoftheMind
Freudalsoemphasi
zedthethreecomponent
sthatmakeupone’spersonal
i
ty,t
he
I
D,EGO,SUPEREGO.TheI Displeasur
ecentr
ed;theEGO isreal
i
tycanteredandthe
SUPEREGO,whi chisr
elat
edtotheegoideal
orconsci
ence
ID
Atthecor eofper sonali
tyandcompl etel
yunconsci ousi sthepsychi calregi
oncalledthe
ID. TheI D hasnocont actwi threali
ty,yetitstri
vesconst antlytor educetensionby
sati
sf yi
ngbasicdesires.Becausei tssolefuncti
oni stoseekpl easure,wesayt hattheid
servest hepleasurepr i
nciple.Besidesbei ngunrealisti
candpl easureseeking,theidi s
i
ll
ogi calandcansi mult
aneousl yentert
ainincompat i
bleideas.
I
nr eview,theidispr i
mitive,chaoti
c,i
naccessiblet oconsci ousness,unchangeabl e,
amor al
,il
logi
cal,unorganized,andf i
l
ledwi thener gyr eceivedf rom basicdrivesand
dischargedf orthesati
sfacti
onoft hepleasureprinciple.
EGO
Theego,orI,i
stheonl
yr egi
onofthemi ndincont
actwithr
eali
ty.I
tisgovernedby
t
her
eali
typr
inci
ple,whichi
ttr
iestosubsti
tut
ef ort
hepleasur
eprinci
pleoftheid.Asthe
1
