BIOS 251 – EXAM 1 QIESTIONS AND DETAILED
ANSWERS 2024 UPDATE
Advances in microscopy reveal that bacteria have what? - ✔✔✔ ANSWER
compartments
aerotolerant anaerobes - ✔✔✔ ANSWER tolerate but do not use oxygen
anaerobic respiration produces - ✔✔✔ ANSWER less ATP
-less free energy is released
Antibiotic resistance mechanisms - ✔✔✔ ANSWER efflux pumps- pump out the
antibiotic
prevent entry- modify membrane
degradative enzymes- destroy the antibiotic
interfering molecules bind to antibiotic- antibiotic cannot identify target
enzymes modify the antibiotic- add or remove functional groups
alter the antibiotic binding site- antibiotic can no longer bind
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek - ✔✔✔ ANSWER -discovered microorganisms
-1674, Animacules
-might have seen protozoa/bacteria
-he knew there was a lot and smaller than 1/100 of grain of sand
Archaeal RNA polymerase is similar to what? - ✔✔✔ ANSWER eukaryotic RNA
polymerase
Archaean cell wall characteristics - ✔✔✔ ANSWER -lack peptidoglycan
-some have pseudopeptidoglycan
Archaean membrane characteristics - ✔✔✔ ANSWER ether linkages
-stabilize membranes in extreme environments
,-ring within the fatty acids
-very long side chains
At the start of the 19th century, what did people believe caused disease? - ✔✔✔
ANSWER bad luck, bad blood, witchcraft, miasma, laziness, poverty, invisible
organisms
ATP is produced by substrate level phosphorylation during... - ✔✔✔ ANSWER
glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, Krebs cycle
-enzymes transfer phosphate groups from substrates to ADP
azolla - ✔✔✔ ANSWER -water fern
-anabaena azollae= cyanobacteria
-2 cell types
vegetative: perform photosynthesis
heterocyst fix atmospheric N2 to NH3
anabaena receives sugar= C source azolla receives NH3
Bacteria that do not have O2 as the final electron acceptor are? - ✔✔✔ ANSWER
anaerobes
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O - ✔✔✔ ANSWER cellular respiration
-glucose is oxidized to CO2
-O2 is reduced to H2O
Carbon source bacteria and archaea - ✔✔✔ ANSWER Auto- C from CO2 is fixed
into organic molecules
Hetero- organic molecules consumed for carbon
cells with the f factor (F+) - ✔✔✔ ANSWER conjugation donors
cells without the f factor (F-) - ✔✔✔ ANSWER conjugation recipients
Characteristics of beta-lactam - ✔✔✔ ANSWER -cyclic amide
, -have an N atom bonded to beta carbon atom relative to carbonyl
-four membered
-resembles d-alanine-d-alanine on NAM
-disrupts cell wall synthesis and weakens cell wall
Characteristics of intestinal microbiome - ✔✔✔ ANSWER 10^13-10^14
microbes/gram of intestinal content
-estimate 10 lbs
-diverse
-healthy/ill people have different intestinal microbiomes
characteristics of prokaryotes - ✔✔✔ ANSWER -ubiquitous
-physiologically diverse
-aerobes, anaerobes, facultative anaerobes
-commensals, symbionts, pathogens
(no archaea are pathogens)
-animals/plants dependent on prokaryotes
chemoautotrophy - ✔✔✔ ANSWER chemical energy used to fix CO2
-no photosynthesis
-occurs where theres no sunlight
chemoheterotrophy - ✔✔✔ ANSWER obtain carbon and energy for biomass solely
from organic compounds
Chemotrophs - ✔✔✔ ANSWER chemoautotrophs
energy source- chemical
carbon source- CO2
chemoheterotrophs
energy source- chemical
ANSWERS 2024 UPDATE
Advances in microscopy reveal that bacteria have what? - ✔✔✔ ANSWER
compartments
aerotolerant anaerobes - ✔✔✔ ANSWER tolerate but do not use oxygen
anaerobic respiration produces - ✔✔✔ ANSWER less ATP
-less free energy is released
Antibiotic resistance mechanisms - ✔✔✔ ANSWER efflux pumps- pump out the
antibiotic
prevent entry- modify membrane
degradative enzymes- destroy the antibiotic
interfering molecules bind to antibiotic- antibiotic cannot identify target
enzymes modify the antibiotic- add or remove functional groups
alter the antibiotic binding site- antibiotic can no longer bind
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek - ✔✔✔ ANSWER -discovered microorganisms
-1674, Animacules
-might have seen protozoa/bacteria
-he knew there was a lot and smaller than 1/100 of grain of sand
Archaeal RNA polymerase is similar to what? - ✔✔✔ ANSWER eukaryotic RNA
polymerase
Archaean cell wall characteristics - ✔✔✔ ANSWER -lack peptidoglycan
-some have pseudopeptidoglycan
Archaean membrane characteristics - ✔✔✔ ANSWER ether linkages
-stabilize membranes in extreme environments
,-ring within the fatty acids
-very long side chains
At the start of the 19th century, what did people believe caused disease? - ✔✔✔
ANSWER bad luck, bad blood, witchcraft, miasma, laziness, poverty, invisible
organisms
ATP is produced by substrate level phosphorylation during... - ✔✔✔ ANSWER
glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, Krebs cycle
-enzymes transfer phosphate groups from substrates to ADP
azolla - ✔✔✔ ANSWER -water fern
-anabaena azollae= cyanobacteria
-2 cell types
vegetative: perform photosynthesis
heterocyst fix atmospheric N2 to NH3
anabaena receives sugar= C source azolla receives NH3
Bacteria that do not have O2 as the final electron acceptor are? - ✔✔✔ ANSWER
anaerobes
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O - ✔✔✔ ANSWER cellular respiration
-glucose is oxidized to CO2
-O2 is reduced to H2O
Carbon source bacteria and archaea - ✔✔✔ ANSWER Auto- C from CO2 is fixed
into organic molecules
Hetero- organic molecules consumed for carbon
cells with the f factor (F+) - ✔✔✔ ANSWER conjugation donors
cells without the f factor (F-) - ✔✔✔ ANSWER conjugation recipients
Characteristics of beta-lactam - ✔✔✔ ANSWER -cyclic amide
, -have an N atom bonded to beta carbon atom relative to carbonyl
-four membered
-resembles d-alanine-d-alanine on NAM
-disrupts cell wall synthesis and weakens cell wall
Characteristics of intestinal microbiome - ✔✔✔ ANSWER 10^13-10^14
microbes/gram of intestinal content
-estimate 10 lbs
-diverse
-healthy/ill people have different intestinal microbiomes
characteristics of prokaryotes - ✔✔✔ ANSWER -ubiquitous
-physiologically diverse
-aerobes, anaerobes, facultative anaerobes
-commensals, symbionts, pathogens
(no archaea are pathogens)
-animals/plants dependent on prokaryotes
chemoautotrophy - ✔✔✔ ANSWER chemical energy used to fix CO2
-no photosynthesis
-occurs where theres no sunlight
chemoheterotrophy - ✔✔✔ ANSWER obtain carbon and energy for biomass solely
from organic compounds
Chemotrophs - ✔✔✔ ANSWER chemoautotrophs
energy source- chemical
carbon source- CO2
chemoheterotrophs
energy source- chemical
