SNCOA - Critical Thinking Questions & Answers Solved 100% Correct!!

Accuracy - Statements can be clear, but not accurate Ad hominem fallacy - Criticizes the person making the argument Ad Populum, bandwagon - Appeals to the popularity of a claim as a reason to accept it Argument from ignorance - Claims that something is true brocade it has not been proven false Basic Human Limitations apply to everyone and include what 5 things? - 1. Confirmation bias and selective thinking 2. False memories and confabulation 3. Personal biases and prejudices 4. Physical and emotional hindrances 5. Testimonial evidence Breadth - Must recognize all sides to the situation Clarity - Gateway standard; if a statement is unclear we cannot determine whether it is accurate or relevant Confidence in Reason - Faith that people can learn to think for themselves, to form rational viewpoints, draw reasonable conclusions, think coherently and logically, persuade each other by reason Confirmation bias and selective thinking - Looking for things that confirms your own beliefs while ignoring/undervaluing the relevance of what contradicts your beliefs. Cons to reactive thinking? - MistakesDetails overlooked Miss improvement opportunities Impact on others Cons to reflective thinking? - Appear reluctant to make a decision Overthink simple tasks Time consuming Depth - Must deal with the complexities of the issue Emotional appeal - Making irrelevant emotional appeals Evading the issue, red herring - Happens when one is accused of wrongdoing by diverting attention to an issue irrelevant at hand Fair-mindedness - Treating all viewpoints alike, despite your own personal feelings/opinions Fairness - Treating all viewpoints alike, regardless of personal feelings/viewpoints Fallacy of false dilemma, either/or fallacy - Intentionally restricts the number of alternatives, eliminating relevant alternatives from consideration False analogoes - Illogical analogies that support the validity of a particular claim False memories and confabulation - Put more reliance on proven facts Intellectual Autonomy - Having control over one's thought process; including rational control over one's beliefs, values and inferencesIntellectual Courage - Recognizing that dangerous or absurd ideas are sometimes rationally justified. Intellectual Empathy - Willingness to put yourself in someone else's shoes Intellectual Humility - Recognizing your knowledge limits. Lack of pretentiousness, boastfulness or conceit Intellectual Integrity - Being true to your own thinking Intellectual Perseverance - Using intellectual insights and truths despite difficulties, obstacles and frustrations Irrelevant Comparisons - Compare apples to apples Logic - Must combine mutually supportive thoughts and put them in a logic combination Personal biases and prejudices - Focus on the facts, sources and the reasoning in support of arguments! Physical and emotional hindrances - Stress, fatigue, drugs, etc. can all affect critical thinking. Poisoning the well - Creating a prejudicial environment against the opposition, makes it difficult for the opponent to be reviewed fairly Pragmatic fallacy - Arguing that something is true because "it works". Try to identify known it possible causal mechanisms for observed effects rather than picking the emotionally appealing option Precision - Be as specific as is reasonable/possiblePros to reactive thinking? - Decisive Increases intuition Balances overthought Time-management Pros to reflective thinking? - Improves critical thinking & problem solving skills Forces consideration of logical arguments Deliberate process Allows time to monitor process and system of thinking Psychological and Sociological pitfalls include? - 1. Ad Hominem Fallacy 2. Ad Populum, bandwagon fallacy 3. Emotional appeals 4. Evading the issue, red herring 5. Fallacy of false dilemma, either/or fallacy 6. Poising the well