Exam (elaborations) The spss environment31

3.1. What will this chapter tell me? 1 61 3.2. Versions of spss 1 62 3.3. Getting started 1 62 3.4. The data editor 1 63 3.4.1. Entering data into the data editor 1 69 3.4.2. The ‘Variable View’ 1 70 3.4.3. Missing values 1 77 3.5. The spss viewer 1 78 3.6. The spss SmartViewer 1 81 3.7. The syntax window 3 82 3.8. Saving files 1 83 3.9. Retrieving a file 1 84 What have I discovered about statistics? 1 85 Key terms that I’ve discovered 85 Smart Alex’s tasks 85 Further reading 86 Online tutorials 86 4 Exploring data with graphs 87 4.1. What will this chapter tell me? 1 87 4.2. The art of presenting data 1 88 4.2.1. What makes a good graph? 1 88 4.2.2. Lies, damned lies, and … erm … graphs 1 90 Contents vii 4.3. The spss Chart Builder 1 91 4.4. Histograms: a good way to spot obvious problems 1 93 4.5. Boxplots (box–whisker diagrams) 1 99 4.6. Graphing means: bar charts and error bars 1 103 4.6.1. Simple bar charts for independent means 1 105 4.6.2. Clustered bar charts for independent means 1 107 4.6.3. Simple bar charts for related means 1 109 4.6.4. Clustered bar charts for related means 1 111 4.6.5. Clustered bar charts for ‘mixed’ designs 1 113 4.7. Line charts 1 115 4.8. Graphing relationships: the scatterplot 1 116 4.8.1. Simple scatterplot 1 117 4.8.2. Grouped scatterplot 1 119 4.8.3. Simple and grouped 3-D scatterplots 1 121 4.8.4. Matrix scatterplot 1 123 4.8.5. Simple dot plot or density plot 1 125 4.8.6. Drop-line graph 1 126 4.9. Editing graphs 1 126 What have I discovered about statistics? 1 129 Key terms that I’ve discovered 130 Smart Alex’s tasks 130 Further reading 130 Online tutorial 130 Interesting real research 130 5 Exploring assumptions 131 5.1. What will this chapter tell me? 1 131 5.2. What are assumptions? 1 132 5.3. Assumptions of parametric data 1 132 5.4. The assumption of normality 1 133 5.4.1. Oh no, it’s that pesky frequency distribution again: checking normality visually 1 134 5.4.2. Quantifying normality with numbers 1 136 5.4.3. Exploring groups of data 1 140 5.5. Testing whether a distribution is normal 1 144 5.5.1. Doing the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test on spss 1 145 5.5.2. Output from the explore procedure 1 146 5.5.3. Reporting the K–S test 1 148 5.6. Testing for homogeneity of variance 1 149 5.6.1. Levene’s test 1 150 5.6.2. Reporting Levene’s test 1 152 5.7. Correcting problems in the data 2 153 5.7.1. Dealing with outliers 2 153 5.7.2. Dealing with non-normality and unequal variances 2 153 5.7.3. Transforming the data using spss 2 156 5.7.4. When it all goes horribly wrong 3 162 What have I discovered about statistics? 1 164 Key terms that I’ve discovered 164 Smart Alex’s tasks 165 Online tutorial 165 Further reading