Bio 201 Midterm

Bio 201 Midterm What is anatomy and physiology? - Anatomy is the structure and physiology is the function How is the human body organized? - cells, tissues, organs, organ systems What is homeostasis? - Maintaining a stable internal environment Directions of the body - superior/inferior, anterior/posterior, medial/lateral, proximal/distal, superficial/deep, visceral/parietal Planes of the body - sagittal, frontal, transverse Abdominal Regions - right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right iliac, hypogastric, left iliac abdominal quadrants - right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left lower quadrant organs found in right upper quadrant - liver, kidney, gallbladder, pancreas, large intestine organs found in the left upper quadrant - stomach, spleen Organs found in the lower left quadrant - small intestine, colon Organs found in Lower Right Quadrant - appendix, small intestine nervous system organs - brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, sense organs nervous system function - controls and coordinates functions throughout the body and responds to internal and external stimuli endocrine system organs - pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, testes, ovaries endocrine system function - controls growth, development, and metabolism; maintains homeostasis skeletal system organs - bones, cartilage, ligaments skeletal system function - protection, movement, mineral storage, production of blood respiratory system organs - nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs respiratory system function - Bring oxygen to and eliminates carbon dioxide from the blood. muscular system organs - muscles and tendons Muscular system function - supports the body and enables it to move circulatory system function - Transports oxygen, waste, nutrients, hormones, around the body circulatory system organs - heart, blood vessels, blood reproductive system function - Maintenance of sexual characteristics and production of our species reproductive system organs - testes and ovaries urinary system organs - kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra urinary system function - Eliminates waste from the body, regulates water balance of the blood negative feedback loop - a loop that causes a system to change in the opposite direction from which it is moving positive feedback loop - a floop in which change in a system is amplified physiological example of negative feedback loop - blood sugar regulation physiological example of positive feedback loop - release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary gland during labor parts of homeostasis - receptor, effector, control center function of receptor during homeostasis - monitors and responds to changes in the environment, detects changes in blood ph function of effector in homeostasis - responds to stimulus, retains water in kidney if blood pressure is too low function of control center - receives info and initiates the response, to regulate body temp the temperature skin receptors sends info to the brain connective tissue function - provides support for your body and connects all its parts connective tissue in the body - tendons and ligaments epithelial tissue function - protection, absorption, filtration, secretion epithelial tissue in the body - mucous membranes and the skin muscle tissue function - movement muscle tissue in the body - skeletal, smooth, cardiac nervous tissue function - sensory reception and conduction of nerve impulses nervous tissue in the body - brain, spinal cord, nerves illium - hip bone ischium - the lower, posterior portions of the pelvis pubis - The medial anterior portion of the pelvis clavicle - collar bone scapula - shoulder blade humerus - radius - lateral bone of the forearm ulna - the inner and longer of the two bones of the human forearm scaphoid - femur - tibia - the medial and larger bone of the lower leg fibula - The lateral and smaller bone of the lower leg patella - kneecap talus - ankle calceneus - heel bone frontal - temporal - occipital - maxilla - mandible - zygomatic - hyoid - malleus - incus - stapes - aspects of sternum - what is endomysium - a thin layer of connective tissue that surrounds each muscle fiber what is perimysium - the connective tissue sheath surrounding each muscle fascicles what is epimysium - dense connective tissue that surrounds entire muscle What is an aponeurosis - A broad, flat tendon components of muscle cells - muscle fiber, myofibrils, myofilaments what is a neuromuscular junction - connection between the motor neuron and the muscle fiber What neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction - acetylcholine what is rigor mortis - stiffening of muscles after death what is isometric contraction - no shortening, muscle tension increases but does not exceed load what is isotonic contraction - muscle shortens because muscle tension exceeds load what is a synergist muscle - muscle that aids the prime mover what is an antagonist muscle - A muscle that relaxes during joint movement what is an agonist muscle - prime mover what is origin of the muscle - Fixed source of a muscle where it is attached to bone what is insertion of the muscle - the end of a muscle attached to a movable part What muscles belong to the hamstrings - biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus what muscles belong to the quadriceps - rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius how are muscles named in the body - action, shape, origin and insertion, location, direction of fibers what are the contractile proteins of a muscle - actin and myosin what are the regulatory proteins of a muscle - troponin and tropomyosin how do actin, myosin, troponin and tropomyosin work together to produce a muscle contraction - couples the binding and dissociation of Ca2 plus on troponin to the movement of tropomyosin on actin filaments What important role does calcium play regarding the physiology of muscle contraction - what is significant about the sarcomere - what is the neurotransmitter used at the neuromuscular junction - acetylcholine What are considered the properties of muscle cells - contractility, excitability, extensibility, elasticity what muscles comprise the rotator cuff of the shoulder - the subscapularis, the supraspinatus, the infraspinatus and the teres minor muscles identify the bicep - identify the triceps - Identify the trapezius - identify the sternocleidomastoid - A identify the serratus anterior - identify the deltoid - identify the pectoralis major - identify the rectus abdominis - identify the external oblique - identify the latissimus dorsi - identify the gluteus maximus - identify the gluteus medius - identify the sartorius - identify the tibialis anterior - identify the gastrocnemius - what tissue is bone made of - connective tissue what are the different types of bones histologically - long, short, flat, sesamoid, and irregular long bones - long thin shape, femur, humerus short bone - squat cube shape, carpals and tarsals irregular bone - complex irregular shape, vertebrae and facial bones sesamoid bone - small flat irregular shape, patella flat bone - flattened broad surface, sternum, cranial bones parts of a long bone - epiphysis, metaphysis, diaphysis what are the types of medullary cavity - yellow and red bone marrow, marrow cavity sinus in bone - cavity within a bone foramen in bone - Round or oval opening through bone meatus in bone - canal like passageway fossa in bone - hollow or depressed area canal in bone - passageway through a bone types of bone cells - osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts osteogenic cell function - develop into osteoblasts osteoblast function - bone formation osteoclast function - bone resorption (break down bone) osteocyte function - maintains bone tissue what is an osteon - functional/structural unit of compact bone what are the different ossification processes - intramembranous and endochondral what is the structure of compact bone - closely packed osteons/haversion systems what is endosteum - thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity what is periosteum - the tough membrane that covers the outside of the bone what are the two divisions of the skeleton - axial and appendicular how many bones in total, axial and appendicular - 206, 80 axial, 126 appendicular bones in the axial skeleton - skull, ribs, vertebrae, sternum bones in the appendicular system - patella, tibia, humerus, phalanges, radius, ulna, metacarpals, tarsals, clavicle, calcaneus how are ribs classified - true ribs, false ribs, floating ribs regions of vetebral column - cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx number of vertebrae in each region - Cervical 7, Thoracic 12, Lumbar 5 Define kyphosis - abnormal curvature of thoracic spine Define lordosis - Abnormal anterior curvature of spine Define Scoliosis - abnormal lateral curvature of the spine different types of joints - fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial example of fibrous joint - skull sutures example of cartilaginous joint - vertebrae example of synovial joint - knee and shoulder what 3 bones fuse together to form the coaxal bone - ilium, ischium, pubis components of synovial joints - synovial capsule, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, ligaments, and bursa flexion/extension - Decrease/increase in joint angle plantarflexion/dorsiflexion - Extends foot, points toes down/flexes foot, brings toes up toward low leg abduction/adduction - movement away from and toward the body inversion/eversion - turning foot toward the midline or away from it pronation/supination - palms down to palms up protraction/retraction - anterior to posterior movement of scapula or mandible opposition/reposition - moving thumb toward other fingers and then back rotation and circumduction - Twisting movement of a part on its own axis, movement of an extremity so that the distal end moves in a circle components of the sternum - manubrium, body, xiphoid process most commonly broken bone in the body - clavicle the specific joints associated with the shoulder complex - sternoclavicular (SC), acromioclavicular (AC), and scapulothoracic joints, and glenohumeral joint three classifications based on location of bursae - adventitious, subcutaneous, synovial/submuscular primary function of ligaments - connect one bone to another primary function of tendons - attach muscles to bones three systems of levers - first class levers, second class levers, third class levers first class lever examples - head/neck during neck extension second class lever example - foot, calf raise third class lever example - forearm, bicep curl