SPCE 630 Final Exam
strongest threats to internal validity for withdrawal/reversal designs include all of the
following except - ANS-history
the primary ethical concern associated with withdrawal designs is - ANS-removing a
successful intervention
external validity of an ABAB design can be improved by - ANS-having at least 3
participants
unlike withdrawal designs, reversal designs involve - ANS-a second intervention phase
which is the most powerful within-subject design? - ANS-ABAB
in withdrawal designs, when is procedural infidelity most likely to occur? -
ANS-immediately after condition changes
when using "ABC Notation," the B stands for - ANS-intervention 1
which of the following is NOT a limitation of an AB design (intervention is not withdrawn,
lack of control for internal validity, lack of control for external validity, cannot determine
functional relationships) - ANS-intervention is not withdrawn
what can researchers do to help avoid attrition in withdrawal designs? - ANS-disclose
and describe the withdrawal condition during the consent process
the withdrawal design is not particularly sensitive to which threats to internal validity?
a) history, maturation, data instability
b) procedural infidelity, attrition, maturation
c) carryover effects, hawthorne effect, irreversibility of behaviors
d) testing, procedural infidelity, data instability - ANS-d
history - ANS-refers to events that occur during an experiment, but are not related to
planned procedural changes that may influence the outcome
maturation - ANS-changes in behavior due to passage of time
, testing - ANS-threat in any study that requires participants to respond to the same test
repeatedly
facilitative effect - ANS-an improvement in performance over successive baseline or
probe testing or observation sessions
inhibitive effect - ANS-a deterioration in performance over successive baseline or probe
testing or observation sessions
multiple-treatment interference - ANS-occurs when a study participant's behavior is
influenced by more than one planned "treatments" or interventions during the course of
a study
sequential confounding - ANS-when the order in which experimental conditions are
introduced to participants influences their behavior
carryover effect - ANS-the effect when a procedure used in one experimental condition
influences behavior in an adjacent condition
instability - ANS-the amount of variability in the data over time
cyclical veriability - ANS-a specific type of data instability that refers to a repeated and
predictable pattern in the data series over time
variability - ANS-also referred to as data instability
regression to the mean - ANS-refers to the likelihood that following an outlying data
point, data are likely to revert back to levels closer to the average value
instrumentation threats - ANS-refers to the concerns of the measurement system
procedural infidelity - ANS-refers to the lack of adherence to condition protocols by
study implementers
selection bias - ANS-involves choosing participants in a way that differentially impacts
the inclusion or retention of participants in a study, when compared to the population of
interest
attrition - ANS-refers to the loss of participants during the course of a study
strongest threats to internal validity for withdrawal/reversal designs include all of the
following except - ANS-history
the primary ethical concern associated with withdrawal designs is - ANS-removing a
successful intervention
external validity of an ABAB design can be improved by - ANS-having at least 3
participants
unlike withdrawal designs, reversal designs involve - ANS-a second intervention phase
which is the most powerful within-subject design? - ANS-ABAB
in withdrawal designs, when is procedural infidelity most likely to occur? -
ANS-immediately after condition changes
when using "ABC Notation," the B stands for - ANS-intervention 1
which of the following is NOT a limitation of an AB design (intervention is not withdrawn,
lack of control for internal validity, lack of control for external validity, cannot determine
functional relationships) - ANS-intervention is not withdrawn
what can researchers do to help avoid attrition in withdrawal designs? - ANS-disclose
and describe the withdrawal condition during the consent process
the withdrawal design is not particularly sensitive to which threats to internal validity?
a) history, maturation, data instability
b) procedural infidelity, attrition, maturation
c) carryover effects, hawthorne effect, irreversibility of behaviors
d) testing, procedural infidelity, data instability - ANS-d
history - ANS-refers to events that occur during an experiment, but are not related to
planned procedural changes that may influence the outcome
maturation - ANS-changes in behavior due to passage of time
, testing - ANS-threat in any study that requires participants to respond to the same test
repeatedly
facilitative effect - ANS-an improvement in performance over successive baseline or
probe testing or observation sessions
inhibitive effect - ANS-a deterioration in performance over successive baseline or probe
testing or observation sessions
multiple-treatment interference - ANS-occurs when a study participant's behavior is
influenced by more than one planned "treatments" or interventions during the course of
a study
sequential confounding - ANS-when the order in which experimental conditions are
introduced to participants influences their behavior
carryover effect - ANS-the effect when a procedure used in one experimental condition
influences behavior in an adjacent condition
instability - ANS-the amount of variability in the data over time
cyclical veriability - ANS-a specific type of data instability that refers to a repeated and
predictable pattern in the data series over time
variability - ANS-also referred to as data instability
regression to the mean - ANS-refers to the likelihood that following an outlying data
point, data are likely to revert back to levels closer to the average value
instrumentation threats - ANS-refers to the concerns of the measurement system
procedural infidelity - ANS-refers to the lack of adherence to condition protocols by
study implementers
selection bias - ANS-involves choosing participants in a way that differentially impacts
the inclusion or retention of participants in a study, when compared to the population of
interest
attrition - ANS-refers to the loss of participants during the course of a study
