STA final exam review vocabulary and
equations
Statistics - ANS-the study of how to collect, analyze and interpret numerical and or
categorical information.
Descriptive Statistics - ANS-Numeric values (graphs) calculated from the a dataset with
the purpose of characterizing the behavior of variables.
Inferential Statistics - ANS-Involves methods of using information from a sample to draw
conclusions regarding the population.
Population - ANS-is the set of all the individuals of interest in a particular study.
Two kinds of populations: finite and infinite
Sample - ANS-is a subset of the population. Set of individuals selected from a
population, usually intended to represent the population in a research study.
Parameter - ANS-is a value that describes a population.
Statistic - ANS-is a value that describes the sample.
Valid measure - ANS-is one that is relevant or appropriate as a representation of that
property. Otherwise, this measure is invalid.
Reliable measure - ANS-is a measurement such that the random error is small.
Census - ANS-In population data, the variable is measured for every individual of
interest.
Sample Survey - ANS-In Sample Data, the variable is measured from only some of the
individuals of interest.
Quantitative variable - ANS-A variable that quantifies an element of a population.
, -Is a variable that has a numerical measurement for which operations such as addition
or averaging make sense.
Examples: Age, GPA, tuition, fees, etc.
Qualitiative variable - ANS--A variable that categorizes or describes an element of a
population.
-A variable that has a nominal measurement that describes an individual by placing
them in a category or group.
-Examples: Phone number, College year, Addresses, etc.
Discrete variable - ANS--is characterized by gaps or interruptions in the values we
assume.
-Gaps implies absence between those values. So all values are whole numbers.
-Examples: number of cars in a parking garage, count of male genders in a group.
Continuous variable - ANS--Does not possess the gaps or interuptions characteristic of
a discrete variable.
-Decimals are allowed between any two values.
-Examples: Length of a pole, height, of a basketball player, age of a tree.
Nominal - ANS-is an unordered set of categories identified only by name.
Measurements permit you to to determine whether two individuals are the same or
different.
Examples: Meal Preferences, Religions, Genders, Majors
Ordinal - ANS-Is an ordered set of categories. Measurements tell you the direction of
difference between two individuals.
Examples: Likert Scale, Shoe Sizes, and Evaluation.
Ratio - ANS-is an interval scale where the value of zero indicates none of the variable.
Measurements identify the direction and magnitude differences and allow ratio
comparisons of measurements.
Examples: GPA, Age, Height, and Weight.
Interval - ANS-is an ordered series of equal sized categories. measurements identify the
direction and magnitude of a difference. The zero point is located arbitrarily on an
interval scale.
equations
Statistics - ANS-the study of how to collect, analyze and interpret numerical and or
categorical information.
Descriptive Statistics - ANS-Numeric values (graphs) calculated from the a dataset with
the purpose of characterizing the behavior of variables.
Inferential Statistics - ANS-Involves methods of using information from a sample to draw
conclusions regarding the population.
Population - ANS-is the set of all the individuals of interest in a particular study.
Two kinds of populations: finite and infinite
Sample - ANS-is a subset of the population. Set of individuals selected from a
population, usually intended to represent the population in a research study.
Parameter - ANS-is a value that describes a population.
Statistic - ANS-is a value that describes the sample.
Valid measure - ANS-is one that is relevant or appropriate as a representation of that
property. Otherwise, this measure is invalid.
Reliable measure - ANS-is a measurement such that the random error is small.
Census - ANS-In population data, the variable is measured for every individual of
interest.
Sample Survey - ANS-In Sample Data, the variable is measured from only some of the
individuals of interest.
Quantitative variable - ANS-A variable that quantifies an element of a population.
, -Is a variable that has a numerical measurement for which operations such as addition
or averaging make sense.
Examples: Age, GPA, tuition, fees, etc.
Qualitiative variable - ANS--A variable that categorizes or describes an element of a
population.
-A variable that has a nominal measurement that describes an individual by placing
them in a category or group.
-Examples: Phone number, College year, Addresses, etc.
Discrete variable - ANS--is characterized by gaps or interruptions in the values we
assume.
-Gaps implies absence between those values. So all values are whole numbers.
-Examples: number of cars in a parking garage, count of male genders in a group.
Continuous variable - ANS--Does not possess the gaps or interuptions characteristic of
a discrete variable.
-Decimals are allowed between any two values.
-Examples: Length of a pole, height, of a basketball player, age of a tree.
Nominal - ANS-is an unordered set of categories identified only by name.
Measurements permit you to to determine whether two individuals are the same or
different.
Examples: Meal Preferences, Religions, Genders, Majors
Ordinal - ANS-Is an ordered set of categories. Measurements tell you the direction of
difference between two individuals.
Examples: Likert Scale, Shoe Sizes, and Evaluation.
Ratio - ANS-is an interval scale where the value of zero indicates none of the variable.
Measurements identify the direction and magnitude differences and allow ratio
comparisons of measurements.
Examples: GPA, Age, Height, and Weight.
Interval - ANS-is an ordered series of equal sized categories. measurements identify the
direction and magnitude of a difference. The zero point is located arbitrarily on an
interval scale.
