AP BIOLOGY: GENETICS EXAM WITH VERIFIED QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A+

AP BIOLOGY: GENETICS EXAM WITH VERIFIED QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A+ Gregor Mendel - ANS-Austrian monk who conducted a quantitative study of inheritance using garden peas Why garden peas? alternate traits, true breeders, small and easy to grow, fertilization How did Mendel conduct his experiments? - ANS-*1.* allowed plants to self fertilize for several generations- produced true breeders *2.* crossed true breeders *3.* allowed F1 generation to self fertilize *4.* counted numbers of offspring What did Mendel reason for his experiments? - ANS-*--*"factors" caused the traits *--*each organism had two factors for a trait *--*two factors for a trait came from parents *--*gametes contain only one factor from a parent *--*gametes have equal chance of having either factor allele - ANS-alternate form of a gene Ex. gene = flower color allele = purple or white character - ANS-heritable feature that varies among individuals trait - ANS-variant of a character locus - ANS-location of gene on chromosome dominant - ANS-allele that is expressed if present Ex. RR, Rr, rR recessive - ANS-allele that is "masked" by dominant **only seen if dominant is NOT present Ex. rr genotype - ANS-an organism's genetic make-up for a trait Ex. RR, Rr, rR, rr homozygous - ANS-having two identical alleles for a trait; purebred Ex. RR, rr heterozygous - ANS-having two different alleles for a trait; hybrid Ex. Rr, rR phenotype - ANS-a physical trait on an organism that can be "seen" Ex. blue eyes, green eyes How do gametes play a role in genetics? - ANS-Each gamete carries one allele. **Alleles come from parents' sex cells. law of segregation - ANS-alleles separate in meiosis so that only one allele from each pair is present in each gamete **random chance which allele goes into a gamete **results in genetic variation in gametes and offspring **ON DIFFERENT CHROMOSOMES law of independent assortment - ANS-alleles of one trait sort independently of the alleles of other traits **Exception: if genes are on the same chromosome, then they'll always be found together. **results in genetic variation in gametes and offspring **ON DIFFERENT CHROMOSOMES law of dominance - ANS-one of the alleles for a pair of inherited traits will be dominant and the other recessive Punnett Square - ANS-device used to predict possible outcome of a genetic cross