Unit 6 - Genetic Blueprints

Unit 6 - Genetic Blueprints Gregor Mendel - Gregor Mendel was a scientist who studied genetics. He said that genetic material had to be present in each organism in two copies, one from each parent, be a trait passed on to the next generation even though it may be hidden in an individual, and be passed on unchanged from parent to child. Frederick Griffith - A British microbiologist who came to the conclusion that bacteria can pass genetic material to each other and incorporate it into it's own. Mouse Experiment and Outcomes - Injected mice with bacteria. When a mouse was injected with a dead infectious bacteria and a living non infectious bacteria, the mice was killed. Horizontal Gene Transfer - Bacteria cells share genetic materials with each other and are able to use it/ incorporate it into its own. Alfred Hershey & Martha Chase - Conducted experiments to find what biological macromolecule are genetic materials. 4 Major Biological Molecules - Lipids: They create lipid bilayers which form membranes. Carbohydrates: Used to create energy. Nucleic Acids: Stores the genetic code of an organism. Protein: Create cell structures. DNA - A nucleic acid found in the nucleus of your cells. Structure of DNA - It is a double helix with the bases on the inside and the phosphate and the sugar outside. Nucleotides - Made of the base, a phosphate group, and sugar. Adenine - Made of adenine, sugar, and phosphate. Cytosine - Made of cytosine, sugar, and a phosphate group. Guanine - Made of guanine, sugar, and a phosphate group. Thymine - Made of thymine, sugar, and a phosphate group. DNA Backbone - The phosphate group of one nucleotide covalently bond to the sugar of another. Rosalind Franklin - A British chemist that specialized in X-ray crystallography, a method of using images formed by X-rays bouncing off of molecules. James Watson & Francis Crick - Franklins competitors obtained photo 51 and took most of the credit for the DNA's structure. Photo 51 - Identified the double helix structure of DNA with the sugar-phosphate backbone on the outside and the bases on the inside. The radius is 1 nm AntiParallel Orientation - The two strands of DNA run in opposite directions. Hydrogen Bonds - A weak bond between two molecules, an electropositive atom and an electronegative atom. Nucleotide Pairings - Adenine & Thymine; Cytosine & Guanine RNA - A nucleic acid. Has a different sugar than DNA. TNA - A man-made nucleic acid functions like other nucleic acids but it resists enzymes that would break it down. Has different sugar than RNA.