NURS 2003 Final
Acid-Base Imbalances - correct answer-Respiratory(opposite PH and PaCO2)
Metabolic (equivalent PH and HCO3-)
active transport - correct answer-Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell
membrane against a concentration difference
acute coronary syndrome (ACS) - correct answer-sudden symptoms of insufficient blood
supply to the heart indicating unstable angina or acute myocardial infarction. 3 drugs to use
fibrinolytic, nitroglycerin, morphine
Acute coronary system - correct answer-angina-ischemic heart pain- damage of myocardium
due to deminished blood flow via coronary arteries.
myocardial infarction- mi- death of tissue when coronary arteries totally occlude.
Acute fever - correct answer-2-3 weeks
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) - correct answer-Characterized by an abrupt decline in kidney
function
- Leads to the inability to excrete waste products, water and causes functional disturbances
in all body systems
- Can be mild to severe
- Is potentially reversible, but mortality rate remains high
Acute renal failure secondary to AKI develops over hours to days
- There is progressive increase in blood urea & nitrogen (BUN), creatine, potassium with or
without oliguria
Acute Phase of Hepatitis - correct answer-- Similar across all hepatitis viruses
- Flu like: Malaise, fatigue, N&V, anorexia, headache, low-grade fever, arthralgia (joint pain)
- Physical exam may reveal hepatomegaly, lymphadenopathy, and splenomegaly
- RUQ pain
- May be icteric (jaundice) or anicteric
o Pruritus (itchy skin from bile inder skin) can accompany jaundice
o May have rash
o Excess bilirubin = dark urine and light clay, coloured stool
§ From old RBC: by product
§ Liver works to excrete, but is unable causing build up: Jaundice
- Food may taste bad
Additional Implications of Portal Hypertension - correct answer-- Esophageal varices
- Umbilical hernia
- Caput medusae
- Hepatomegaly
- Splenomegaly
- Rectal varices (hemorrhoids)
,- Ascites
- Systemic Hypertension
Adhesions - correct answer-Bands of scar tissue that form between or around organs
Anaplasia - correct answer-Cell differentiation to a more immature or embryonic form
Asthma triggers - correct answer-Increase inflammation hyper-responsiveness of the
tracheo-bronchial system
Asthmas - correct answer-a serious chronic condition that causes tiny air passages in the
respiratory system to become narrow or blocked
Attitude - correct answer-Positive vs negative
Body fluid compartments - correct answer-Intracellular (ICF): 2/3 of body water
Extracellular (ECF): 1/3 of body water
Carbonic acid - correct answer-If a person has low they are alkalotic, if they are high they
are acidotic
Cause and risk factors of PUD - correct answer-Testing positive for Helicobacter pylori, use
of NSAIDs, family history, medications (potassium choloride, chemotherapy), smoking,
stress, alcohol use, hyperacidity, GERD
Cerebellar manifestations of multiple sclerosis - correct answer-- Nystagmus (eyes move
different ways)
- Ataxia (loss of muscle control/ involuntary movements)
- Dysarthria (speech/saying words)
- Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
chronic bronchitis - correct answer-Excessive tracheobronchial mucus production leading to
the obstruction of small airways
Chronic bronchitis - correct answer-Mucus gland hyperplasia and airway structural changes
Chronic fever - correct answer-Months to years t
Chronic Phase of Hepatitis - correct answer-- Convalescent phase: 2-4 months
o Begins as jaundice is disappearing
o Lasts weeks to months
o Just because jaundice is gone, hep can still be there
§ A is easier/ faster to heal from
§ Chronic hep lasts longer
- Almost all cases of hepatitis A are resolved
- Hep B & C can remain chronic
- Major complaints
o Malaise
, o Easy fatigability
o Myalgia
o Arthralgia
o Hepatomegaly
Chronic stable angina - correct answer-chest pain that occurs intermittently over a long
period with the same pattern of onset, duration, and intensity of symptoms. Pain is 3-5 min
Cirrhosis of the Liver - correct answer-- Chronic progressive disease of the liver
- Characterized by:
o Fibrosis (scar tissue)
o Conversion of normal liver to abnormal nodules
- Extensive degeneration and destruction of liver tissue cells
- Abnormal lobular structure
- Impeded blood flow
- Eventual decrease in function
clinical indicators for endoscopic evaluation - correct answer-- dysphagia (trubble
swallowing)
- odynophagia (painful swallowing)
- bleeding
- weight loss
- persistant vomiting
- respiratory symptoms
Clinical Manifestation of Migraine Headache - correct answer-- Throbbing pain on one side
(unilateral)
o Steady throbbing, pain in time with pulse
o Location can change
o pain pulsing, location can change in one episode (move around throughout the day)
- May have an aura (neurological signs/symptoms occurring before migraine)
o Visual field changes
o Paresthesia (tingling, prickles)
o Motor (weakness, dizziness)
o Confusion, changes in LOC
- May have visual disturbances (occipital lobe)
- Want darkness
- May have prodromal symptoms (occurring before a migraine b not neurological)
Before
o Low mood
o Food cravings
o Yawning, stiff neck
Cause: nausea, vomiting, mood swings, light/ sound sensitivity
Clinical Manifestations of AKI - correct answer-- fluid volume excess
- metabolic acidosis
- potassium excess
- waste product accumulation
Acid-Base Imbalances - correct answer-Respiratory(opposite PH and PaCO2)
Metabolic (equivalent PH and HCO3-)
active transport - correct answer-Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell
membrane against a concentration difference
acute coronary syndrome (ACS) - correct answer-sudden symptoms of insufficient blood
supply to the heart indicating unstable angina or acute myocardial infarction. 3 drugs to use
fibrinolytic, nitroglycerin, morphine
Acute coronary system - correct answer-angina-ischemic heart pain- damage of myocardium
due to deminished blood flow via coronary arteries.
myocardial infarction- mi- death of tissue when coronary arteries totally occlude.
Acute fever - correct answer-2-3 weeks
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) - correct answer-Characterized by an abrupt decline in kidney
function
- Leads to the inability to excrete waste products, water and causes functional disturbances
in all body systems
- Can be mild to severe
- Is potentially reversible, but mortality rate remains high
Acute renal failure secondary to AKI develops over hours to days
- There is progressive increase in blood urea & nitrogen (BUN), creatine, potassium with or
without oliguria
Acute Phase of Hepatitis - correct answer-- Similar across all hepatitis viruses
- Flu like: Malaise, fatigue, N&V, anorexia, headache, low-grade fever, arthralgia (joint pain)
- Physical exam may reveal hepatomegaly, lymphadenopathy, and splenomegaly
- RUQ pain
- May be icteric (jaundice) or anicteric
o Pruritus (itchy skin from bile inder skin) can accompany jaundice
o May have rash
o Excess bilirubin = dark urine and light clay, coloured stool
§ From old RBC: by product
§ Liver works to excrete, but is unable causing build up: Jaundice
- Food may taste bad
Additional Implications of Portal Hypertension - correct answer-- Esophageal varices
- Umbilical hernia
- Caput medusae
- Hepatomegaly
- Splenomegaly
- Rectal varices (hemorrhoids)
,- Ascites
- Systemic Hypertension
Adhesions - correct answer-Bands of scar tissue that form between or around organs
Anaplasia - correct answer-Cell differentiation to a more immature or embryonic form
Asthma triggers - correct answer-Increase inflammation hyper-responsiveness of the
tracheo-bronchial system
Asthmas - correct answer-a serious chronic condition that causes tiny air passages in the
respiratory system to become narrow or blocked
Attitude - correct answer-Positive vs negative
Body fluid compartments - correct answer-Intracellular (ICF): 2/3 of body water
Extracellular (ECF): 1/3 of body water
Carbonic acid - correct answer-If a person has low they are alkalotic, if they are high they
are acidotic
Cause and risk factors of PUD - correct answer-Testing positive for Helicobacter pylori, use
of NSAIDs, family history, medications (potassium choloride, chemotherapy), smoking,
stress, alcohol use, hyperacidity, GERD
Cerebellar manifestations of multiple sclerosis - correct answer-- Nystagmus (eyes move
different ways)
- Ataxia (loss of muscle control/ involuntary movements)
- Dysarthria (speech/saying words)
- Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
chronic bronchitis - correct answer-Excessive tracheobronchial mucus production leading to
the obstruction of small airways
Chronic bronchitis - correct answer-Mucus gland hyperplasia and airway structural changes
Chronic fever - correct answer-Months to years t
Chronic Phase of Hepatitis - correct answer-- Convalescent phase: 2-4 months
o Begins as jaundice is disappearing
o Lasts weeks to months
o Just because jaundice is gone, hep can still be there
§ A is easier/ faster to heal from
§ Chronic hep lasts longer
- Almost all cases of hepatitis A are resolved
- Hep B & C can remain chronic
- Major complaints
o Malaise
, o Easy fatigability
o Myalgia
o Arthralgia
o Hepatomegaly
Chronic stable angina - correct answer-chest pain that occurs intermittently over a long
period with the same pattern of onset, duration, and intensity of symptoms. Pain is 3-5 min
Cirrhosis of the Liver - correct answer-- Chronic progressive disease of the liver
- Characterized by:
o Fibrosis (scar tissue)
o Conversion of normal liver to abnormal nodules
- Extensive degeneration and destruction of liver tissue cells
- Abnormal lobular structure
- Impeded blood flow
- Eventual decrease in function
clinical indicators for endoscopic evaluation - correct answer-- dysphagia (trubble
swallowing)
- odynophagia (painful swallowing)
- bleeding
- weight loss
- persistant vomiting
- respiratory symptoms
Clinical Manifestation of Migraine Headache - correct answer-- Throbbing pain on one side
(unilateral)
o Steady throbbing, pain in time with pulse
o Location can change
o pain pulsing, location can change in one episode (move around throughout the day)
- May have an aura (neurological signs/symptoms occurring before migraine)
o Visual field changes
o Paresthesia (tingling, prickles)
o Motor (weakness, dizziness)
o Confusion, changes in LOC
- May have visual disturbances (occipital lobe)
- Want darkness
- May have prodromal symptoms (occurring before a migraine b not neurological)
Before
o Low mood
o Food cravings
o Yawning, stiff neck
Cause: nausea, vomiting, mood swings, light/ sound sensitivity
Clinical Manifestations of AKI - correct answer-- fluid volume excess
- metabolic acidosis
- potassium excess
- waste product accumulation
