NUR 206 final exam- complete
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_d8jes0
1. What are some gerontologic considerations with infection?: Decreased im-
mune function, presence of comorbidities, increased physical disabilities, present
with atypical s/s, cognitive/behavioral changes before lab value changes, cannot
rely on fever to indicate infection, inability to perform ADLs.
2. What are some examples of nosocomial infections?: Central line-associated
bloodstream infections (CLABSI), catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAU-
TI), pneumonia, C-diff.
3. What are some causes for pathogens gaining resistance to antibiotics?: Us-
ing antibiotics for viral infections, unnecessary prescriptions, inadequate drug use,
using broad-spectrum or combination antibiotics, skipping/missing doses, not taking
full dose of med after symptoms improve, limited resources or access to care.
4. What is the normal range for white blood cell count?: 5,000-10,000.
5. What are the different types of white blood cells and their normal percent-
ages?: Neutrophils: 55-70%, eosinophils: 1-5%, basophils: 0.5-1%, lymphocytes:
20-40%, monocytes: 2-8%.
6. What does a higher white blood cell count indicate?: Infection.
7. What does a lower white blood cell count indicate?: Leukopenia (increased
risk for infection).
8. What is chemotaxis?: Direction migration of WBCs to site of injury. Stimulated
by leukotrienes.
9. What are prostaglandins?: Cause vasodilation leading to increased blood
flow/edema. Significant role in pain receptor sensitivity. Play role in fevers and
increase thermostatic set point.
10. What are the stages of pressure ulcers?: Stage 1: nonblanchable erythema
of intact skin. Stage 2: partial thickness loss with exposed dermis. Shallow, moist,
open, red/pink wound bed. May present as blister. Stage 3: full thickness skin loss
with exposed subq/adipose tissue. Slough may be present. May have undermining
or tunneling. Stage 4: full thickness loss with muscle/bone/tendon exposed. May
have slough or eschar. May have undermining or tunneling. Unstageable: full thick-
ness loss but extent cannot be determined because of covering of slough/eschar.
Slough or eschar must be removed ot grade injury. Deep tissue pressure injury: in-
tact/non intact skin with persistent nonblanchable area purple/maroon discoloration
or blood-filled blister.
11. What are the contributing factors to pressure ulcers?: Skin adherence to
bed (shearing force-pressure). Excessive moisture (increased risk for skin break-
down).
12. What are the risk factors for pressure ulcers?: Old age, bed/wheelchair
bound, diabetes, friction, immobility, impaired circulation, incontinence, mental de-
terioration, pain, spinal cord injury.
, NUR 206 final exam- complete
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_d8jes0
13. What are the signs and symptoms of infection in pressure ulcers?: Leuko-
cytosis increased wound size/drainage/odor, indurated/warmth/edema, fever, pain,
necrotic tissue.
14. What are NSAIDs?: An antipyretic (should be given around the clock) and
anti-inflammatory drug. Ibuprofen, advil, motrin.
15. What is prevention in the context of pressure injuries?: Methods to avoid
pressure injuries
16. What is repositioning?: Using left bar/sheet to change position
17. What are some devices used to reduce pressure injuries?: Specialized
cushions, mattresses, and pads
18. What is the recommended method for cleaning pressure injuries?: Using
antimicrobial solutions with a 30 mL syringe
19. What is the recommended daily caloric intake for pressure injury pa-
tients?: 30-35 cal/kg/day
20. What is the recommended daily protein intake for pressure injury pa-
tients?: 1.5g protein/kg/day
21. What are some potential consequences of untreated pressure injuries?: -
Cellulitis, chronic infection, osteomyelitis
22. What is an emerging infection?: An infectious disease that has recently in-
creased in incidence or threatens to increase in the immediate future.
23. What are the wound measurements/assessments?: Location, size (from
longest length to widest width), depth (measured with cotton swab), undermining
and tunneling (wound goes beyond where you can see), wound margins, wound
base (eschar, sloughing, exudate), and drainage (color, consistency, odor).
24. What is primary intention healing process?: Initial phase, granulation phase,
and maturation phase and scar contraction.
25. What is secondary intention healing process?: Healing/granulation occurs
from edges-in and bottom-up.
26. What is ABCDE?: Asymmetrical, irregular border, color change/variation, diam-
eter greater than 6mm, and evolution.
27. What is vascular response?: Injury occurs ’ brief vasoconstriction ’ release
of histamines/kinins/prostaglandins causing vasodilation and fluid movement from
capillaries to tissue ’ proteins exert oncotic pressure that further draws fluid from
blood vessels ’ fibrinogen leaves blood and is activated into fibrin which strengthens
blood clot formed by platelets ’ clot traps bacteria and serves as framework for
healing ’ platelets release growth factor and initiate healing.
28. What is cellular response?: The process of cells migrating to the site of injury
to initiate healing.
29. What are neutrophils and monocytes?: Types of white blood cells
, NUR 206 final exam- complete
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_d8jes0
30. What is chemotaxis?: Movement towards a chemical signal
31. What is exudate?: Fluid that leaks from blood vessels into tissues
32. What are the three types of exudate?: Serous, serosanguinous, purulent
33. What is local inflammation?: Redness, heat, pain, swelling, loss of function
34. What are the skin cancer prevention measures?: Wear protective clothing,
avoid sun between 10am and 2pm, wear sunscreen, avoid tanning booths/sun-
lamps, educate about photosensitizing medications
35. What is the recommended SPF for sunscreen?: At least SPF 15, use SPF 30
if history of skin cancer
36. What is serous exudate?: Clear fluid, like blister
37. -ectomy: removal of
38. -lysis: destruction of
39. -orrhaphy: repair or suture of
40. -oscopy: looking into
41. -ostomy: creation of an opening
42. -otomy: cutting into
43. -plasty: repair or reconstruction
44. Gerontologic pre-op considerations: careful evaluation, communication, fear,
compromised function
45. Benzodiazepines: pre-op medication to relieve anxiety and induce sedation
46. Pre-op patient care/education: interview, medication directions, health history,
allergies, emotional state, H&P, diagnostic studies
47. Informed consent: active shared decision-making process between physician
and patient
48. Surgeon's responsibility: obtaining consent
49. Nurses' responsibility: witnessing and serving as patient advocate
50. Patient understanding: must be clear BEFORE sedation
51. What is anesthesia?: Loss of sensation/perception
52. What is local anesthesia?: Loss of sensation over small area
53. What are the methods of local anesthesia?: Topical, subq, aerosol, nebulizer
54. What is regional anesthesia?: Loss of sensation over specific region of body
55. What are the methods of regional anesthesia?: Spinal, epidural, peripheral
nerve blocks
56. What is general anesthesia?: Loss of sensation of entire body and conscious-
ness
57. What are the methods of general anesthesia?: Usually inhaled agents, re-
quires advanced airway management
58. What is medical asepsis?: Reduces number of pathogens, 'clean technique'
59. What is surgical asepsis?: Eliminates pathogens, 'sterile technique'
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_d8jes0
1. What are some gerontologic considerations with infection?: Decreased im-
mune function, presence of comorbidities, increased physical disabilities, present
with atypical s/s, cognitive/behavioral changes before lab value changes, cannot
rely on fever to indicate infection, inability to perform ADLs.
2. What are some examples of nosocomial infections?: Central line-associated
bloodstream infections (CLABSI), catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAU-
TI), pneumonia, C-diff.
3. What are some causes for pathogens gaining resistance to antibiotics?: Us-
ing antibiotics for viral infections, unnecessary prescriptions, inadequate drug use,
using broad-spectrum or combination antibiotics, skipping/missing doses, not taking
full dose of med after symptoms improve, limited resources or access to care.
4. What is the normal range for white blood cell count?: 5,000-10,000.
5. What are the different types of white blood cells and their normal percent-
ages?: Neutrophils: 55-70%, eosinophils: 1-5%, basophils: 0.5-1%, lymphocytes:
20-40%, monocytes: 2-8%.
6. What does a higher white blood cell count indicate?: Infection.
7. What does a lower white blood cell count indicate?: Leukopenia (increased
risk for infection).
8. What is chemotaxis?: Direction migration of WBCs to site of injury. Stimulated
by leukotrienes.
9. What are prostaglandins?: Cause vasodilation leading to increased blood
flow/edema. Significant role in pain receptor sensitivity. Play role in fevers and
increase thermostatic set point.
10. What are the stages of pressure ulcers?: Stage 1: nonblanchable erythema
of intact skin. Stage 2: partial thickness loss with exposed dermis. Shallow, moist,
open, red/pink wound bed. May present as blister. Stage 3: full thickness skin loss
with exposed subq/adipose tissue. Slough may be present. May have undermining
or tunneling. Stage 4: full thickness loss with muscle/bone/tendon exposed. May
have slough or eschar. May have undermining or tunneling. Unstageable: full thick-
ness loss but extent cannot be determined because of covering of slough/eschar.
Slough or eschar must be removed ot grade injury. Deep tissue pressure injury: in-
tact/non intact skin with persistent nonblanchable area purple/maroon discoloration
or blood-filled blister.
11. What are the contributing factors to pressure ulcers?: Skin adherence to
bed (shearing force-pressure). Excessive moisture (increased risk for skin break-
down).
12. What are the risk factors for pressure ulcers?: Old age, bed/wheelchair
bound, diabetes, friction, immobility, impaired circulation, incontinence, mental de-
terioration, pain, spinal cord injury.
, NUR 206 final exam- complete
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_d8jes0
13. What are the signs and symptoms of infection in pressure ulcers?: Leuko-
cytosis increased wound size/drainage/odor, indurated/warmth/edema, fever, pain,
necrotic tissue.
14. What are NSAIDs?: An antipyretic (should be given around the clock) and
anti-inflammatory drug. Ibuprofen, advil, motrin.
15. What is prevention in the context of pressure injuries?: Methods to avoid
pressure injuries
16. What is repositioning?: Using left bar/sheet to change position
17. What are some devices used to reduce pressure injuries?: Specialized
cushions, mattresses, and pads
18. What is the recommended method for cleaning pressure injuries?: Using
antimicrobial solutions with a 30 mL syringe
19. What is the recommended daily caloric intake for pressure injury pa-
tients?: 30-35 cal/kg/day
20. What is the recommended daily protein intake for pressure injury pa-
tients?: 1.5g protein/kg/day
21. What are some potential consequences of untreated pressure injuries?: -
Cellulitis, chronic infection, osteomyelitis
22. What is an emerging infection?: An infectious disease that has recently in-
creased in incidence or threatens to increase in the immediate future.
23. What are the wound measurements/assessments?: Location, size (from
longest length to widest width), depth (measured with cotton swab), undermining
and tunneling (wound goes beyond where you can see), wound margins, wound
base (eschar, sloughing, exudate), and drainage (color, consistency, odor).
24. What is primary intention healing process?: Initial phase, granulation phase,
and maturation phase and scar contraction.
25. What is secondary intention healing process?: Healing/granulation occurs
from edges-in and bottom-up.
26. What is ABCDE?: Asymmetrical, irregular border, color change/variation, diam-
eter greater than 6mm, and evolution.
27. What is vascular response?: Injury occurs ’ brief vasoconstriction ’ release
of histamines/kinins/prostaglandins causing vasodilation and fluid movement from
capillaries to tissue ’ proteins exert oncotic pressure that further draws fluid from
blood vessels ’ fibrinogen leaves blood and is activated into fibrin which strengthens
blood clot formed by platelets ’ clot traps bacteria and serves as framework for
healing ’ platelets release growth factor and initiate healing.
28. What is cellular response?: The process of cells migrating to the site of injury
to initiate healing.
29. What are neutrophils and monocytes?: Types of white blood cells
, NUR 206 final exam- complete
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_d8jes0
30. What is chemotaxis?: Movement towards a chemical signal
31. What is exudate?: Fluid that leaks from blood vessels into tissues
32. What are the three types of exudate?: Serous, serosanguinous, purulent
33. What is local inflammation?: Redness, heat, pain, swelling, loss of function
34. What are the skin cancer prevention measures?: Wear protective clothing,
avoid sun between 10am and 2pm, wear sunscreen, avoid tanning booths/sun-
lamps, educate about photosensitizing medications
35. What is the recommended SPF for sunscreen?: At least SPF 15, use SPF 30
if history of skin cancer
36. What is serous exudate?: Clear fluid, like blister
37. -ectomy: removal of
38. -lysis: destruction of
39. -orrhaphy: repair or suture of
40. -oscopy: looking into
41. -ostomy: creation of an opening
42. -otomy: cutting into
43. -plasty: repair or reconstruction
44. Gerontologic pre-op considerations: careful evaluation, communication, fear,
compromised function
45. Benzodiazepines: pre-op medication to relieve anxiety and induce sedation
46. Pre-op patient care/education: interview, medication directions, health history,
allergies, emotional state, H&P, diagnostic studies
47. Informed consent: active shared decision-making process between physician
and patient
48. Surgeon's responsibility: obtaining consent
49. Nurses' responsibility: witnessing and serving as patient advocate
50. Patient understanding: must be clear BEFORE sedation
51. What is anesthesia?: Loss of sensation/perception
52. What is local anesthesia?: Loss of sensation over small area
53. What are the methods of local anesthesia?: Topical, subq, aerosol, nebulizer
54. What is regional anesthesia?: Loss of sensation over specific region of body
55. What are the methods of regional anesthesia?: Spinal, epidural, peripheral
nerve blocks
56. What is general anesthesia?: Loss of sensation of entire body and conscious-
ness
57. What are the methods of general anesthesia?: Usually inhaled agents, re-
quires advanced airway management
58. What is medical asepsis?: Reduces number of pathogens, 'clean technique'
59. What is surgical asepsis?: Eliminates pathogens, 'sterile technique'
