Chapter 1
HTML
1.1 Introduction
In this chapter, various component of HTML are discussed to design a web page.
The basic structure for an HTML page is shown below.
• Entries inside the /< . . . /> are known as tags. Most of the tags has an opening and closing e.g. <head>
(opening head) and </head> (closing head). Some of the tags do not have closing tags e.g. <!DOCTYPE
. . . > and <br />. We need to write the HTML codes inside the tags.
• The comments are written between ‘<!–’ and ‘–>’.
• Here Line 1 gives the details of the ‘HTML version’ to the web-browser. The ‘html’ tells it is version 5.
• The ‘head’ tag (Lines 3-5) contains the header related tags e.g. ‘title for the page’ and ‘links for the css files’
etc.
• The ‘body’ tag (7-11) contains the actual HTML code which is displayed on the web-browser. Also, we add
all the JavaScript related codes just before the closing body tag (</body>).
1 <!DOCTYPE html> <!-- tells browser above the html version -->
2 <html> <!-- beginning of the html document -->
3 <head>
4 <!-- header related tags e.g. title, links etc. -->
5 </head>
6
7 <body>
8 <!-- actual html document here -->
9
10 <!-- add JavaScript files here -->
11 </body>
12 </html>
1.2 First code
In below code, the message “Hello World” is displayed on the HTML page. The Fig. 1.1 is the resultant HTML
page.
• The title (Line 4) appears on the top of the browser.
• The tag <h1> is called ‘header’ tag, which has the larger size than the normal text (see the size of ‘Hello
World!’).
• The tag <p> is called the ‘paragraph’ tag, which can be used to write the paragraphs.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
(continues on next page)
1
, HTML, CSS, Bootstrap, Javascript and jQuery
(continued from previous page)
<head>
<title>HTML Tutorial</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1> Hello World! </h1>
<p> This is the first HTML code </p>
</body>
</html>
Fig. 1.1: First code
1.3 Basic tags
• The Table 1.1 shows the list of tags which are required for writing the basic ‘HTML’ codes i.e. without any
style e.g. bold, italics and numbering etc.
Table 1.1: List of basic tags
Tag Description Example
h1, . . . , h6 Header tag h1 to h6 <h2> Hi </h2>
p paragraphs (Line changes at the end) <p> Hi </p>
span No line change after span <span>Hi</span> Bye.
div make division between contents <div> . . . </div>
a hyperlink see Section 1.9
center Move content to center <center> Hi </center>
br Line break (no closing tag) <br /> or <br>
hr horizontal line (no closing tag) <hr /> or <hr>
pre preserve formatting <pre> . . . . </pre>
table insert table see Section 1.5
• Let’s see the example of each of these tags,
Note: All the new codes are added below the previous codes in the ‘body’ tag. Therefore only newly added
codes are shown in the tutorial.
<h2> Heading 2 </h2>
<h6> Heading 6 </h6>
(continues on next page)
1.3. Basic tags 2
, HTML, CSS, Bootstrap, Javascript and jQuery
(continued from previous page)
<p> This is paragraph </p>
<span> This is span.</span>
<span> The 'br' tag is used after span to break the line </span>
<br/>
<div style="color:blue;">
The 'div' tag can be used for formatting the tags inside it at once using 'style' and 'classes'␣
˓→etc.
<p> This paragraph is inside the 'div' tag </p>
<span> This span is inside the 'div' tag </span>
<br/>
</div>
<center>
<h3> Heading 3 is centered</h3>
<p><span> Centered span inside the paragraph.</span><p>
</center>
Two horizontal line is drawn using two 'hr' tag.
<hr />
<hr>
<pre> 'pre' tag preserve the formatting (good for writing codes)
# Python code
x = 2
y = 3
print(x+y)
</pre>
• Fig. 1.2 is the output of above code. Read the text to understand each tag,
Fig. 1.2: Basic tags : Attribute ‘style’ is used in ‘div’ tag
1.3. Basic tags 3
, HTML, CSS, Bootstrap, Javascript and jQuery
1.4 Attributes
In Fig. 1.2, we saw an example of attribute (i.e. style) which changed the color of all the elements to ‘blue’ inside
the ‘div’ tag.
1.4.1 Attribute ‘name’ and ‘value’
• Attribute is defined inside the opening part of a ‘tag’. For example, in the below code, the attribute ‘style’
is defined inside the ‘div’ tag.
<div style="color:blue;">
</div>
• An attribute has two parts i.e. ‘name’ and ‘value’. For example, in the above code, name and value of
the attribute are ‘style’ and ‘blue’ respectively.
1.4.2 Core attributes
Below are the three core attributes which are used frequently in web design.
• id : The ‘id’ is the unique name which can be given to any tag. This is very useful in distinguishing the
element with other elements.
<p id='para1'> This is paragraph with id 'para1' </p>
<p id='para2'> This is paragraph with id 'para2' </p>
• class : The attribute ‘class’ can be used with multiple tags. This is very useful in making groups in HTML
design.
<p class="c_blue"> This is paragraph with class 'blue'</p>
<span class="c_blue"> This is span with class 'blue'</span>
• style : We already see the example of style attribute, which can be used to change the formatting of the
text in HTML design. We can specify various styles which are discussed in Chapter 2.
<p style="font-weight:bold; color:red;">Style attribute is used to bold and color</p>
Note: Above three attributes are used with ‘CSS (cascading style sheet)’ and JavaScript/jQuery, which are the
very handy tools to enhance the look and functionalities of the web-page respectively. The CSS is discussed in
Chapter 2, whereas JavaScript and jQuery are discussed in Chapter 4 and Chapter 5 respectively.
• Also we can define multiple attributes for one tag as shown below,
<p class="my_class" id="para_with_class" style="color:green"> Multiple attributes </p>
• The other useful attributes are listed in Table 1.2
Table 1.2: List of attributes
Name Values Description
id user defined names <p id=’p_1’> Hi </p>
class user defined names <p class=’p_class’> Hi </p>
style CSS styles <p style=”color:red; font-weight:bold;”> Hi </p>
align left, right, center horizontal alignment
width numeric value or % value width of images and tables etc.
height numeric value height of images and tables etc.
1.4. Attributes 4
HTML
1.1 Introduction
In this chapter, various component of HTML are discussed to design a web page.
The basic structure for an HTML page is shown below.
• Entries inside the /< . . . /> are known as tags. Most of the tags has an opening and closing e.g. <head>
(opening head) and </head> (closing head). Some of the tags do not have closing tags e.g. <!DOCTYPE
. . . > and <br />. We need to write the HTML codes inside the tags.
• The comments are written between ‘<!–’ and ‘–>’.
• Here Line 1 gives the details of the ‘HTML version’ to the web-browser. The ‘html’ tells it is version 5.
• The ‘head’ tag (Lines 3-5) contains the header related tags e.g. ‘title for the page’ and ‘links for the css files’
etc.
• The ‘body’ tag (7-11) contains the actual HTML code which is displayed on the web-browser. Also, we add
all the JavaScript related codes just before the closing body tag (</body>).
1 <!DOCTYPE html> <!-- tells browser above the html version -->
2 <html> <!-- beginning of the html document -->
3 <head>
4 <!-- header related tags e.g. title, links etc. -->
5 </head>
6
7 <body>
8 <!-- actual html document here -->
9
10 <!-- add JavaScript files here -->
11 </body>
12 </html>
1.2 First code
In below code, the message “Hello World” is displayed on the HTML page. The Fig. 1.1 is the resultant HTML
page.
• The title (Line 4) appears on the top of the browser.
• The tag <h1> is called ‘header’ tag, which has the larger size than the normal text (see the size of ‘Hello
World!’).
• The tag <p> is called the ‘paragraph’ tag, which can be used to write the paragraphs.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
(continues on next page)
1
, HTML, CSS, Bootstrap, Javascript and jQuery
(continued from previous page)
<head>
<title>HTML Tutorial</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1> Hello World! </h1>
<p> This is the first HTML code </p>
</body>
</html>
Fig. 1.1: First code
1.3 Basic tags
• The Table 1.1 shows the list of tags which are required for writing the basic ‘HTML’ codes i.e. without any
style e.g. bold, italics and numbering etc.
Table 1.1: List of basic tags
Tag Description Example
h1, . . . , h6 Header tag h1 to h6 <h2> Hi </h2>
p paragraphs (Line changes at the end) <p> Hi </p>
span No line change after span <span>Hi</span> Bye.
div make division between contents <div> . . . </div>
a hyperlink see Section 1.9
center Move content to center <center> Hi </center>
br Line break (no closing tag) <br /> or <br>
hr horizontal line (no closing tag) <hr /> or <hr>
pre preserve formatting <pre> . . . . </pre>
table insert table see Section 1.5
• Let’s see the example of each of these tags,
Note: All the new codes are added below the previous codes in the ‘body’ tag. Therefore only newly added
codes are shown in the tutorial.
<h2> Heading 2 </h2>
<h6> Heading 6 </h6>
(continues on next page)
1.3. Basic tags 2
, HTML, CSS, Bootstrap, Javascript and jQuery
(continued from previous page)
<p> This is paragraph </p>
<span> This is span.</span>
<span> The 'br' tag is used after span to break the line </span>
<br/>
<div style="color:blue;">
The 'div' tag can be used for formatting the tags inside it at once using 'style' and 'classes'␣
˓→etc.
<p> This paragraph is inside the 'div' tag </p>
<span> This span is inside the 'div' tag </span>
<br/>
</div>
<center>
<h3> Heading 3 is centered</h3>
<p><span> Centered span inside the paragraph.</span><p>
</center>
Two horizontal line is drawn using two 'hr' tag.
<hr />
<hr>
<pre> 'pre' tag preserve the formatting (good for writing codes)
# Python code
x = 2
y = 3
print(x+y)
</pre>
• Fig. 1.2 is the output of above code. Read the text to understand each tag,
Fig. 1.2: Basic tags : Attribute ‘style’ is used in ‘div’ tag
1.3. Basic tags 3
, HTML, CSS, Bootstrap, Javascript and jQuery
1.4 Attributes
In Fig. 1.2, we saw an example of attribute (i.e. style) which changed the color of all the elements to ‘blue’ inside
the ‘div’ tag.
1.4.1 Attribute ‘name’ and ‘value’
• Attribute is defined inside the opening part of a ‘tag’. For example, in the below code, the attribute ‘style’
is defined inside the ‘div’ tag.
<div style="color:blue;">
</div>
• An attribute has two parts i.e. ‘name’ and ‘value’. For example, in the above code, name and value of
the attribute are ‘style’ and ‘blue’ respectively.
1.4.2 Core attributes
Below are the three core attributes which are used frequently in web design.
• id : The ‘id’ is the unique name which can be given to any tag. This is very useful in distinguishing the
element with other elements.
<p id='para1'> This is paragraph with id 'para1' </p>
<p id='para2'> This is paragraph with id 'para2' </p>
• class : The attribute ‘class’ can be used with multiple tags. This is very useful in making groups in HTML
design.
<p class="c_blue"> This is paragraph with class 'blue'</p>
<span class="c_blue"> This is span with class 'blue'</span>
• style : We already see the example of style attribute, which can be used to change the formatting of the
text in HTML design. We can specify various styles which are discussed in Chapter 2.
<p style="font-weight:bold; color:red;">Style attribute is used to bold and color</p>
Note: Above three attributes are used with ‘CSS (cascading style sheet)’ and JavaScript/jQuery, which are the
very handy tools to enhance the look and functionalities of the web-page respectively. The CSS is discussed in
Chapter 2, whereas JavaScript and jQuery are discussed in Chapter 4 and Chapter 5 respectively.
• Also we can define multiple attributes for one tag as shown below,
<p class="my_class" id="para_with_class" style="color:green"> Multiple attributes </p>
• The other useful attributes are listed in Table 1.2
Table 1.2: List of attributes
Name Values Description
id user defined names <p id=’p_1’> Hi </p>
class user defined names <p class=’p_class’> Hi </p>
style CSS styles <p style=”color:red; font-weight:bold;”> Hi </p>
align left, right, center horizontal alignment
width numeric value or % value width of images and tables etc.
height numeric value height of images and tables etc.
1.4. Attributes 4
