USU COMD 5070--Exam #1 Lectures correctly
answered rated A+
Scientific Method Characteristics
1) Empirical--based on data
2) Deterministic--obeys physical laws
3) Predictive--if you do this, then that will happen
4) Parsimonious--uses simplest explanation possible
Why do SLPs use technology?
1) Overcome listener bias--use consistent reliable measurement
2) Describe severity objectively
3) Track progress over time
4) ASHA & EBP
5) Provide biofeedback to client
Areas of Speech Science Study
1) Acoustic phonetics
2) Physiological phonetics
3) Speech perception
Acoustic Phonetics
Measures of speech production you can get from microphone recordings and what they can tell us
about the way the larynx was operating and the way the articulators were moving
Physiological Phonetics Areas
1) Kinematics
2) Aerodynamics
3) Electromyography
Kinematics
The study of speech movements
Aerodynamics
Pressures, flows, and resistances involved in regulating our breath stream as we speak
Electromyography
Measurement of electrical activity in muscles as they are activated
Speech Perception
The brain's processing and interpretation of speech sounds.
Frequency
How often a waveform repeats
How is frequency measured?
Cycles per second (Hz)
,What is the simplest possible sound?
Pure tone
Complex Tone
More than one sign wave--multiple sounds blend together
Fundamental Frequency
Lowest frequency component of a complex sound
Pitch Perception Characteristics
1) Linked to frequency
2) Is subjective
3) Cannot be measured with instruments
How do you study pitch perception?
Listener matches perceived pitch to that of a pure tone of known frequency.
Frequency Difference Limens (DL)
Smallest detectable change in frequency
Difference Limens Characteristics
1) Higher frequency sounds must differ more to be heard as different pitches
2) As intensity increases a larger dB change is needed for us to notice a loudness difference
3) It's more difficult to tell soft sounds apart if they are fairly close in pitch
What does a larger DL mean?
A larger DL means that the physical stimulus must differ more in order to be audible to us.
Complex Tone Characteristics
1) Have many frequencies
2) Fo (fundamental frequency) is often strongest
3) The auditory system responds to all frequencies heard
4) Can be periodic (more pleasant) or not
When perceiving pitch, we are heavily influenced by the ______________.
Fundamental frequency
Harmonics Characteristics
1) Create periodic sounds
2) Are integer multiples
What types of sounds are in the human voice?
1) Fo
2) Harmonics
, What happens if a Fo is missing?
1) Sometimes we still perceive it.
2) Called a residue pitch or missing fundamental
3) The brain processes the entire harmonic structure regardless.
Characteristics of Pitch Perception in Music
1) Different octaves are recognizable because the relationship between the notes is the same
anywhere on the scale
2) Some note pairs, if they are multiples, blend harmoniously
Octave
1) Doubling or halving of a frequency (e.g. if 400 Hz is the base, 200 Hz is one octave down, and 800
Hz is one octave up)
2) Each contains 12 semitones
Semitone
1) A non-linear step--each step upward is bigger than the one before it (about 5.9% higher Hz)
2) Therefore, no two semitones are physically identical--no two semitones cover the same number of
Hz.
3) But they SOUND equal in step size
Intensity
1) Amplitude or size of the wave
2) Called volume in lay terms
3) Measured in dB (logarithmic)
4) Can be dbIL (intensity level) or dB SPL (sound pressure level)
5) Measured with a sound level meter
Logarithmic
Each step is 10 times bigger than the one before it. Steps become increasingly large with each step
upward.
The highest amplitude sound is about ___________ times bigger than the very softest sound you can
perceive. In dB, it would be about __________.
a trillion, 120
Loudness
1) The human response to a sound's amplitude
2) Judged by listener--neither correct nor incorrect
3) Cannot be measured by equipment
4) A psychosocial scale links loudness to intensity
Magnitude Estimation Procedure
1) Present 60 dB sound and ask listener to rate loudness from 1-100.
2) Present other tones and ask listener to compare each one to the original sound (e.g twice as loud
would be 200, a quarter as loud would be 25, etc.)
answered rated A+
Scientific Method Characteristics
1) Empirical--based on data
2) Deterministic--obeys physical laws
3) Predictive--if you do this, then that will happen
4) Parsimonious--uses simplest explanation possible
Why do SLPs use technology?
1) Overcome listener bias--use consistent reliable measurement
2) Describe severity objectively
3) Track progress over time
4) ASHA & EBP
5) Provide biofeedback to client
Areas of Speech Science Study
1) Acoustic phonetics
2) Physiological phonetics
3) Speech perception
Acoustic Phonetics
Measures of speech production you can get from microphone recordings and what they can tell us
about the way the larynx was operating and the way the articulators were moving
Physiological Phonetics Areas
1) Kinematics
2) Aerodynamics
3) Electromyography
Kinematics
The study of speech movements
Aerodynamics
Pressures, flows, and resistances involved in regulating our breath stream as we speak
Electromyography
Measurement of electrical activity in muscles as they are activated
Speech Perception
The brain's processing and interpretation of speech sounds.
Frequency
How often a waveform repeats
How is frequency measured?
Cycles per second (Hz)
,What is the simplest possible sound?
Pure tone
Complex Tone
More than one sign wave--multiple sounds blend together
Fundamental Frequency
Lowest frequency component of a complex sound
Pitch Perception Characteristics
1) Linked to frequency
2) Is subjective
3) Cannot be measured with instruments
How do you study pitch perception?
Listener matches perceived pitch to that of a pure tone of known frequency.
Frequency Difference Limens (DL)
Smallest detectable change in frequency
Difference Limens Characteristics
1) Higher frequency sounds must differ more to be heard as different pitches
2) As intensity increases a larger dB change is needed for us to notice a loudness difference
3) It's more difficult to tell soft sounds apart if they are fairly close in pitch
What does a larger DL mean?
A larger DL means that the physical stimulus must differ more in order to be audible to us.
Complex Tone Characteristics
1) Have many frequencies
2) Fo (fundamental frequency) is often strongest
3) The auditory system responds to all frequencies heard
4) Can be periodic (more pleasant) or not
When perceiving pitch, we are heavily influenced by the ______________.
Fundamental frequency
Harmonics Characteristics
1) Create periodic sounds
2) Are integer multiples
What types of sounds are in the human voice?
1) Fo
2) Harmonics
, What happens if a Fo is missing?
1) Sometimes we still perceive it.
2) Called a residue pitch or missing fundamental
3) The brain processes the entire harmonic structure regardless.
Characteristics of Pitch Perception in Music
1) Different octaves are recognizable because the relationship between the notes is the same
anywhere on the scale
2) Some note pairs, if they are multiples, blend harmoniously
Octave
1) Doubling or halving of a frequency (e.g. if 400 Hz is the base, 200 Hz is one octave down, and 800
Hz is one octave up)
2) Each contains 12 semitones
Semitone
1) A non-linear step--each step upward is bigger than the one before it (about 5.9% higher Hz)
2) Therefore, no two semitones are physically identical--no two semitones cover the same number of
Hz.
3) But they SOUND equal in step size
Intensity
1) Amplitude or size of the wave
2) Called volume in lay terms
3) Measured in dB (logarithmic)
4) Can be dbIL (intensity level) or dB SPL (sound pressure level)
5) Measured with a sound level meter
Logarithmic
Each step is 10 times bigger than the one before it. Steps become increasingly large with each step
upward.
The highest amplitude sound is about ___________ times bigger than the very softest sound you can
perceive. In dB, it would be about __________.
a trillion, 120
Loudness
1) The human response to a sound's amplitude
2) Judged by listener--neither correct nor incorrect
3) Cannot be measured by equipment
4) A psychosocial scale links loudness to intensity
Magnitude Estimation Procedure
1) Present 60 dB sound and ask listener to rate loudness from 1-100.
2) Present other tones and ask listener to compare each one to the original sound (e.g twice as loud
would be 200, a quarter as loud would be 25, etc.)
