NUR2226 Questions And Answers With Verified Quiz

3x BP controls - 1. HR 2. Stroke volume 3. Peripheral resistance regulated by neurological, renal + endocrine processes 4 Classes of Pneumonia - 1. Community acquired 2. Hospital acquired 3. Aspiration pneumonia 4. Opportunistic pneumonia Acute Asthma Management - 1. Correct signs of hypoxaemia (low O2) 2. Reverse airflow obstruction quicky (pharmacological) 3. Plan to prevent (pt education) Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) - Name given to 3 types of coronary artery disease that associates with sudden rupture of plaque 1. Unstable angina 2. Non-ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction (non-STEMI) 3. STEMI Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) - abrupt decrease in kidney function meeting of the following: 1. Increase in serum creatinine by 0.3mg/dL or more within 48hrs 2. Increase in SCr to 1.5x more the baseline value within the prior 7 days 3. Decrease of urine output to less than 0.5mL/kg/hr for 2 hours (30ml an hour for adults) Acute Pyelonephritis - Renal pelvis of kidneys is inflamed due to bacteria infection of the upper urinary tract that usually develops from lower UTIAF Characteristics - Irregularly irregular, No P waves, Atrial rate 400 AF Clinical Manifestations - Altered conscious state, irregular pulse, palpitations, chest pain, dizziness, hypotension Air Leak in UWSD - intermittent bubbling in water seal chamber. Continuous bubbles = large air leak AKI Causes x3 - 1. Prerenal (conditions that decrease renal perfusion) 2. Intrarenal (direct injury) 3. Postrenal (obstructive causes) AKI diagnostic - blood tests, urinalysis, imaging AKI management - reduce risk + treat cause of AKI AKI patho - 3 stages - 1. Initiation 2. Maintenance 3. Recovery AKI prevention - decrease risk of dehydration, identify + treat shock promptly, treat hypotension, avoid blood transfusions Alendronate - Example of bisphosphonates Angina Pectoris - When demand for myocardial oxygen exceeds the ability of the coronary arteries to supply the heart with oxygen, myocardial ischema occursAPINCHS - A-antimicrobials P-Potassium I-Insulin N-Narcotics C-Chemotherapeutic agents H-Heparin & anticoagulants S-Systems Arthritis - Degenerative condition attacking the articular cartilage Arthrodesis - Fusion of joint Arthroplasty - replacement of all or part of joint surface Asthma - A heterogeneous disease, usually characterised by chronic airway inflammation, and episodes of severe breathing difficulty, coughing, and wheezing. Atherosclerosis - Chronic condition that results in the thickening of the lumen walls of the arterial vessel - inflammatory process occurring within the endothelium. Atherosclerosis clinical manifestations - Chest pain, might be atypical, nausea, dyspnoea, fatigue, S&S with heart failure Atherosclerosis treatment - ACE inhibitors - slow progression by lowering blood pressure & encouraging blood vessels to relax & open Atrial Fibrillation (AF) - A type of arrhythmia when re-entry circuits develop in the atria causing chaotic activity the SA node is bombarded by rapid impulses Atrophy - Wasting of any part of the bodyBag-value masks flow rate & concentration - 15L/min + 90-100% Bisphosphonates - Increase bone mineral density Brace - for support, movement control & prevent further injury Calcitriol - Regulates Calcium homeostasis Callus - Tissue that grows at fracture site Cancellous - Being spongy or porous Cardiac Post-Op Complications - Haemorrhage, Hypovolemic shock, Venous Thromboembolism Cast - rigid external immobilising device CAUTI - catheter associated urinary tract infections CHD/CAD clinical manifestations - Chest pain - angina pectoris, nausea similar to atherosclerosis Chronic Bronchitis - a condition in which the bronchi in the lungs are constantly swollen and clogged with mucus Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) - Progressive chronic disease characterised by irreversible obstructions of the airways. Combination of chronic bronchitis and emphysema Clinical Manifestations of COPD - SOB, wheezing, chest tightness, worsen with time, fatigue, ongoing coughClinical Manifestations of Pneumonia - Decreased Sp02, Productive cough, SOB, increased sputum production, increased RR, WOB, crackles in lungs, fever, malaise Common Drain Tubes x3 - 1. Penrose - open drainage/higher risk for infection 2. Jackson Pratt (JP) - closed/fluid into small pouch 3. Redivac + Hemovac - closed Complications of fractures - shock, fat embolism, compartment syndrome, delay union & nonunion, complex regional pain syndrome Coronary Heart Disease/Coronary Artery Disease (CHD/CAD) - Also known as ischaemic heart disease, usually occurs due to obstruction of the coronary arteries due to atherosclerosis. Crepitus - Cracking or popping sound caused by bony friction DDD treatment - Conservative: support coping, enhance quality of life, improve mobility, exercise core strength + meds Degenerative Disc Disease (DDD) - Normal process of ageing resulting in discs losing elasticity & flexibility due to progressive degeneration, repeated stress or as result of trauma Dermatome - Area of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve Dermatome Assessment - Should be assessed using a cold sensation to establish which dermatome levels are blocked Diastolic Heart Failure - Stroke volume / total volume = ejection fraction - SV is low due to abnormal filling - reduced preload - blood in ventricles before contractionDiscectomy with fusion - Bone graft to fuse vertebral spinous process Emphysema - Hyperinflation of air sacs with destruction of alveolar walls - decrease alveolar surface = dead space + impaired O2 diffusion External Fixation - external rigid frame (complex fractures) Fascia - Sheath of connective tissue enclosing muscles Foraminotony - Removal of intervertebral foreman shrink Fracture - Break in continuity of bone, defined by extent of break, type & anatomical placement Fracture clinical manifestations - Pain + Deformity, loss of function, crepitus (grating sensation), localised swelling Fracture management - emergency: pain, immobilise, splinting, neurovascular obs, consider ice medical: reduction, immobilisation, surgical GIT Post-Op Complications - Abdominal distension, nausea + vomiting, Paralytic ileus / intestinal obstructions Glasgow scale - eye opening, verbal response, best motor response. Out of 15 glomerulonephritis - Glomerular basement membrane is inflamed and damaged = holes are bigger allowing more things through. Also causes inadequate blood flow & filtration Glomerulonephritis cause - Infections, Immune disease, Vasculitis, conditions causing scarring of glomeruli. APSGN is most common (infection)Glomerulonephritis Clinical Manifestations - Generalised body oedema, hypertension, oliguria, haematuria with smoky or rusty appearance, proteinuria Glomerulonephritis Diagnosis - Pt hx + exam, urinalysis & urine sediment microscopy, imaging (CT), blood test Glomerulonephritis Management - Support/manage symptoms, in APSGN oedema treat with restricting sodium + fluid intake Heart Failure (HF) - inadequate pumping or filing of the heart = can't provide enough blood to meet 02 requirements of tissues = acute/chronic heart failure HF Clinical Manifestations - Dyspnoea, Fatigue, Anxiety & Depression, Chest pain, Oedema, Arrhythmias, Dizziness, Pallor HF management - Decrease intravascular volume, decrease venous return, decrease afterload, reduce anxiety, emotional support, self-care principles Humidification System flow rate - 2-15L/min Hypertension - High BP - based on repeated BP at difference ties Systolic above 140mmHg Diastolic above 90mmHg Hypertension management - Lifestyle changes, pharmacology - antihypertensives Hypertension patho - When there is a change in one or more factors affecting peripheral vascular resistance or cardiac outputHypertensive emergencies - BP 220/140 - associated with acute organ failure Hypertensive urgencies - -Characterized by severe elevations in BP of 180/110 ICC - intercostal catheter - drain blood/fluid/air from pleural space. Pleural effusion = 5th or 6th ICS Pneumothorax = 2nd ICS Immediate Post-Op Nursing Care (4hrs) - Provide warmth, assess consciousness, check dressings, check drains, maintain IV infusion, pain + nausea/vomiting management, vital signs Indications for suctioning a tracheo - Cannot cough, cannot maintain airway potency due to obstructions, sudden respiratory distress Indications for Tracheostomy - Overcome airway obstructions Facilitate mechanical ventilatory support Enable the removal of trachea-bronchial secretions Kyphosis - posterior curvature of the spine Laminectomy - Removal of bone between spinal process & facet Left-Sided Heart Failure - Less blood to kidneys = Renin = fluid retention = filling + preload increase = fluid leaks = fluid build up = into the lungs = pulmonary oedema Lower urinary tract consists of - bladder & urethra Lung Cancer - Uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in one or both lungs which spreads to other parts of the bodyMicrodiscetomy - Removal of herniated part of intervertebral disc Motor Block Assessment - (spinal anaesthetic) Obtain Bromage score - rate movement from 0(full)-3(none) Nasal Prongs flow rate & concentration - 0.5-4L/min + 24-40% Nebuliser Mask flow rate - 6-10L/min Nephrostomy Tubes - Small tubes tunneled through the skin into the renal pelvis Placed to drain the renal pelvis when the ureter is obstructed (calculi or urinary stones) Neurological Obs - Glasgow scale, limb strength, eyes (PEARL) Neurovascular Obs (5 P's) - pain, pallor, paralysis paraesthesia, puls