SUGARCANE
ORIGIN OF THE CROP:
- Cultivation of sugarcane in India dates back to the Vedic period. The earliest
mention of sugarcane cultivation is found in Indian writings of the period 1400 to
1000 B.C.
- It is now widely accepted that India is the original home of Saccharum
species.Saccharum barberi.
- Polynesian group of island especially New Guinea is the centre of origin of S.
officinarum.
- It belongs to family Gramineae (Poaceae), class monocotyledons.
- The cultivated canes belong to two main groups:
(a) thin, hardy north Indian types S. barberi and S. sinense and
(b) thick, juicy noble canes Saccharum officinarum.
- Highly prized cane is S. officinarum.
IMPORTANCE OF SUGARCANE:
- In agriculture sector, s h a r e o f sugarcane is about 7% of the total value of
agriculture out put and occupied about 2.6% of India’s gross cropped area.
- Sugarcane provides raw material for the second largest agrobased industry after
textile.
- About 527 working sugar factories with total installed annual sugar production
capacity of about 242 lakh tonnes are located in the country.
SCIENTIFIC NAME OF SUGARCANE:
The genus Saccharum has five important species viz.,
- 1. Saccharum officinarum
- 2. S. Sinense,
- 3. S.barberi,
- 4. S.robustum,
- 5. S.spontanuem.
- The first three species are the cultivated species and the last two are wild ones.
S. officinarum species is widely cultivated in India because of high sucrose
content.
MORPHOLOGY OF SUGARCANE:
- Sugarcane is a tall perennial plant growing erect even up to 4 or 6 metres and
produce multiple stems.
- The plant is composed of four principal parts, root system, stalk, leaves and
inflorescence.
- Sheath is Green with red blotches; moderate to heavy bloom; scarious border
prominent; sheath splitting occasional; Spines present on the middle of the sheath;
deciduous.
- Blade Joint or Transverse Mark is Purplish green.
- The inflorescence of sugarcane generally called the 'arrow' is an open panicle.
, It is long (30 centimeter or more) and tapering.
- Cane is Medium-thick; slightlystaggered; slightly oval in cross section, internal
tissue yellow with purple tinge, rind (outer skin) hard; pith present as small cavity.
- Node & buds are slightly depressed; leaf scar slightly inclined.
- Buds are medium, plumpy, ovate; occasionally hairs at the tip of the bud noticed;
inserted at leaf scar.
- Sugarcane is a C4 plant having high efficiency in storing solar energy and most
efficient converter of solar energy to sucrose.
- Sugarcane has essentially four growth phases:
1. Germination phase,
2. Tillering phase,
3. Grand growth phase,
4. Maturity and ripening phase.
NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF SUGARCANE:
- The juice Sugarcane per serving (28.35 grams) contain
- Energy-111.13 kJ (26.56 kcal),
- Carbohydrates-27.51 g,
- Protein-0.27 g,
- Calcium11.23 mg(1%),
- Iron 0.37 mg (3%),
- Potassium41.96 mg (1%),
- Sodium17.01 mg (1%)
(Source: Nutrient Information from ESHA Research)
IMPORTANT REGIONS/ ZONES FOR SUGARCANE CULTIVATION IN
INDIA:
- Broadly there are two distinct agroclimatic regions of sugarcane cultivation in
India, viz., tropical and subtropical. However, five agro-climatic zones have been
identified mainly for the purpose of varietal development. They are (i)North
Western Zone (ii) North Central Zone (iii) North Eastern Zone (iv) Peninsular
Zone (v) Coastal Zone.
- Tropical region Shared about 45% and 55% of the total sugarcane area and
production in the country, respectively along with the average productivity of 77
t/ha.
- Sub-tropical region accounted for about 55% and 45% of total area and production
of sugarcane respectively with an average productivity about 63 t/ha.
- Tropical Sugarcane region: The tropical sugarcane region consists of sugarcane
agroclimatic zone 4 (peninsular zone) and 5(Coastal zone) which includes the
states of Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Gujarat, Madhya
Pradesh, Goa, Pondicherry and Kerala.
- Sub-tropical sugarcane region: Around 55 per cent of total cane area in the
country is in the sub-tropics. U.P, Bihar, Haryana and Punjab comes under this
region.
Crop distribution: In India sugarcane is cultivated all over the country from latitude
80 N to 330 N, except cold hilly areas like Kashmir valley, Himachal Pradesh and
Arunachal Pradesh.
DEMAND AND SUPPLY SCENARIO OF SUGARCANE PRODUCE:
ORIGIN OF THE CROP:
- Cultivation of sugarcane in India dates back to the Vedic period. The earliest
mention of sugarcane cultivation is found in Indian writings of the period 1400 to
1000 B.C.
- It is now widely accepted that India is the original home of Saccharum
species.Saccharum barberi.
- Polynesian group of island especially New Guinea is the centre of origin of S.
officinarum.
- It belongs to family Gramineae (Poaceae), class monocotyledons.
- The cultivated canes belong to two main groups:
(a) thin, hardy north Indian types S. barberi and S. sinense and
(b) thick, juicy noble canes Saccharum officinarum.
- Highly prized cane is S. officinarum.
IMPORTANCE OF SUGARCANE:
- In agriculture sector, s h a r e o f sugarcane is about 7% of the total value of
agriculture out put and occupied about 2.6% of India’s gross cropped area.
- Sugarcane provides raw material for the second largest agrobased industry after
textile.
- About 527 working sugar factories with total installed annual sugar production
capacity of about 242 lakh tonnes are located in the country.
SCIENTIFIC NAME OF SUGARCANE:
The genus Saccharum has five important species viz.,
- 1. Saccharum officinarum
- 2. S. Sinense,
- 3. S.barberi,
- 4. S.robustum,
- 5. S.spontanuem.
- The first three species are the cultivated species and the last two are wild ones.
S. officinarum species is widely cultivated in India because of high sucrose
content.
MORPHOLOGY OF SUGARCANE:
- Sugarcane is a tall perennial plant growing erect even up to 4 or 6 metres and
produce multiple stems.
- The plant is composed of four principal parts, root system, stalk, leaves and
inflorescence.
- Sheath is Green with red blotches; moderate to heavy bloom; scarious border
prominent; sheath splitting occasional; Spines present on the middle of the sheath;
deciduous.
- Blade Joint or Transverse Mark is Purplish green.
- The inflorescence of sugarcane generally called the 'arrow' is an open panicle.
, It is long (30 centimeter or more) and tapering.
- Cane is Medium-thick; slightlystaggered; slightly oval in cross section, internal
tissue yellow with purple tinge, rind (outer skin) hard; pith present as small cavity.
- Node & buds are slightly depressed; leaf scar slightly inclined.
- Buds are medium, plumpy, ovate; occasionally hairs at the tip of the bud noticed;
inserted at leaf scar.
- Sugarcane is a C4 plant having high efficiency in storing solar energy and most
efficient converter of solar energy to sucrose.
- Sugarcane has essentially four growth phases:
1. Germination phase,
2. Tillering phase,
3. Grand growth phase,
4. Maturity and ripening phase.
NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF SUGARCANE:
- The juice Sugarcane per serving (28.35 grams) contain
- Energy-111.13 kJ (26.56 kcal),
- Carbohydrates-27.51 g,
- Protein-0.27 g,
- Calcium11.23 mg(1%),
- Iron 0.37 mg (3%),
- Potassium41.96 mg (1%),
- Sodium17.01 mg (1%)
(Source: Nutrient Information from ESHA Research)
IMPORTANT REGIONS/ ZONES FOR SUGARCANE CULTIVATION IN
INDIA:
- Broadly there are two distinct agroclimatic regions of sugarcane cultivation in
India, viz., tropical and subtropical. However, five agro-climatic zones have been
identified mainly for the purpose of varietal development. They are (i)North
Western Zone (ii) North Central Zone (iii) North Eastern Zone (iv) Peninsular
Zone (v) Coastal Zone.
- Tropical region Shared about 45% and 55% of the total sugarcane area and
production in the country, respectively along with the average productivity of 77
t/ha.
- Sub-tropical region accounted for about 55% and 45% of total area and production
of sugarcane respectively with an average productivity about 63 t/ha.
- Tropical Sugarcane region: The tropical sugarcane region consists of sugarcane
agroclimatic zone 4 (peninsular zone) and 5(Coastal zone) which includes the
states of Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Gujarat, Madhya
Pradesh, Goa, Pondicherry and Kerala.
- Sub-tropical sugarcane region: Around 55 per cent of total cane area in the
country is in the sub-tropics. U.P, Bihar, Haryana and Punjab comes under this
region.
Crop distribution: In India sugarcane is cultivated all over the country from latitude
80 N to 330 N, except cold hilly areas like Kashmir valley, Himachal Pradesh and
Arunachal Pradesh.
DEMAND AND SUPPLY SCENARIO OF SUGARCANE PRODUCE:
