BIO 210 FINAL EXAM GENETICS NEWEST ACTUAL EXAM
COMPLETE 300 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+
1. Understand the significance of Darwin's finches: Adaptation of beak shape
in association with each island. This makes them more "fit" for their
environments (ex. Food source that is available on each island. This was a
result of natural selection,Maximized fitness
2. Darwin's finches represent...: adaptive radiation
3. Adaptive radiation: divergence of a single group/species, each better suited to
survive in its specific niche. Split into a series of distinct but related
species/groups
4. Phenotype vs genotype: Phenotypic diversity results from genetic diversity:
diff.
genes = diff. traits
5. Genetic diversity: variation of genes between individuals of a species in a
population
6. Translation: process in which ribosomes synthesize proteins after the process
of transcription
7. ALX1: One of the genes in region D in Darwin's Finches
Also affects frog development, human cleft palate, known in birds for beak
development
8. Transcription Factor: Protein that binds to DNA to initiate (or inhibit)
expression of other genes (ex. ALX1)
9. Central Dogma: Flow of genetic information (DNA, RNA, proteins)
Genes code for proteins via transcription and translation
10. DNA: double-stranded helix of nucleic acids
11. Chromosome: single, large DNA molecule that is inherited
12. Gene: Functional region of a chromosome
13. Locus (Loci): a gene, a location on a chromosome
14. Polymer vs Monomer: Polymer: macromolecule made of smaller subunits
,15. All nucleotides have the same general, 3-Part structure (dNTP):
Deoxyribonucleotide Triphosphate
Deoxyribose sugar
Ribose: 5'-C sugar
Triphosphate: ±, ², ³ phosphates
Bonded to 5'-C
Nucleotide base = Nitrogenous base
Bonded to 1'-C, diff. between nucleotides
16. Purines: A & G, 2 C-N rings (double ring)
17. Pyrimidines: C & T, 1 C-N ring (single ring)
18. Adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine: Complementary base pairing: weak
hydrogen bond
G-C & A-T
Purine + pyrimidine pairing
The bonds between complementary pairs are weak but there are many
19. Strand follows direction according to polarity: 5' to 3'
One end: P's on 5'-C
Other end: OH on 3'-C
20. The two strands run in _________ directions 5'-3' & 3'-5': 5'-3' & 3'-5'
21. Probe: oligonucleotide of a specific target sequenceMelt apart double strands
(with temperature, enzymes, etc.)
22. Replication: makes more DNA
Each strand serves as as a template for another double-stranded DNA
23. Proteins are composed of amino acids: Amino or N-Terminus, R or
Functional
Group, & Carboxyl or C-Terminus
24. Peptide bond: covalent, condensation reaction
Carboxyl & Amino
25. Codon: nucleotide triplet specifying a single amino acid
, 26. RNA (ribonucleic acid): Different than DNA:
OH on 2'-C (2 OH structure vs 1 OH structure)
Uracil instead of thymine (G:C and A:U)
27. Transcription: makes a copy of genetic info in RNA
Messenger RNA: mRNA
Template strand: complementary DNA strand
Replicates template in mRNA
Coding strand: reverse complement of template strand
Same sequence as RNA
28. Coding region: Part that is transcribed
Exons and Introns
29. Exons: regions that end up in the final mRNA
30. Introns: regions that are spliced out
31. Microarray: technique for determining expression profile
Isolate RNA in bulk ’ make labeled cDNAs ’ hybridize cDNA to microarray ’ scan
microarray for intensity of label for all features
32. Principles of Natural Selection:: There is a "struggle of existence" (Darwin)
More born, hatched, etc., than survive
Individuals vary in fitness
Some have phenotypes that enhance survival, therefore reproduction
Differences in fitness are heritable
Fitness differences are under genetic control
In different environments different genotypes are better at getting reproduced than
others
33. Prokaryotic genome variation: Bacteria and Archaea: single celled
No membrane-bound organelles
DNA in cytosol (nucleoid)
Cell size: 1-10 microns
Division via FISSION
No sex
34. Eukaryotic genome variation: Protists: single celled
Fungi, plants, & animals: mulit-cellular
COMPLETE 300 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+
1. Understand the significance of Darwin's finches: Adaptation of beak shape
in association with each island. This makes them more "fit" for their
environments (ex. Food source that is available on each island. This was a
result of natural selection,Maximized fitness
2. Darwin's finches represent...: adaptive radiation
3. Adaptive radiation: divergence of a single group/species, each better suited to
survive in its specific niche. Split into a series of distinct but related
species/groups
4. Phenotype vs genotype: Phenotypic diversity results from genetic diversity:
diff.
genes = diff. traits
5. Genetic diversity: variation of genes between individuals of a species in a
population
6. Translation: process in which ribosomes synthesize proteins after the process
of transcription
7. ALX1: One of the genes in region D in Darwin's Finches
Also affects frog development, human cleft palate, known in birds for beak
development
8. Transcription Factor: Protein that binds to DNA to initiate (or inhibit)
expression of other genes (ex. ALX1)
9. Central Dogma: Flow of genetic information (DNA, RNA, proteins)
Genes code for proteins via transcription and translation
10. DNA: double-stranded helix of nucleic acids
11. Chromosome: single, large DNA molecule that is inherited
12. Gene: Functional region of a chromosome
13. Locus (Loci): a gene, a location on a chromosome
14. Polymer vs Monomer: Polymer: macromolecule made of smaller subunits
,15. All nucleotides have the same general, 3-Part structure (dNTP):
Deoxyribonucleotide Triphosphate
Deoxyribose sugar
Ribose: 5'-C sugar
Triphosphate: ±, ², ³ phosphates
Bonded to 5'-C
Nucleotide base = Nitrogenous base
Bonded to 1'-C, diff. between nucleotides
16. Purines: A & G, 2 C-N rings (double ring)
17. Pyrimidines: C & T, 1 C-N ring (single ring)
18. Adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine: Complementary base pairing: weak
hydrogen bond
G-C & A-T
Purine + pyrimidine pairing
The bonds between complementary pairs are weak but there are many
19. Strand follows direction according to polarity: 5' to 3'
One end: P's on 5'-C
Other end: OH on 3'-C
20. The two strands run in _________ directions 5'-3' & 3'-5': 5'-3' & 3'-5'
21. Probe: oligonucleotide of a specific target sequenceMelt apart double strands
(with temperature, enzymes, etc.)
22. Replication: makes more DNA
Each strand serves as as a template for another double-stranded DNA
23. Proteins are composed of amino acids: Amino or N-Terminus, R or
Functional
Group, & Carboxyl or C-Terminus
24. Peptide bond: covalent, condensation reaction
Carboxyl & Amino
25. Codon: nucleotide triplet specifying a single amino acid
, 26. RNA (ribonucleic acid): Different than DNA:
OH on 2'-C (2 OH structure vs 1 OH structure)
Uracil instead of thymine (G:C and A:U)
27. Transcription: makes a copy of genetic info in RNA
Messenger RNA: mRNA
Template strand: complementary DNA strand
Replicates template in mRNA
Coding strand: reverse complement of template strand
Same sequence as RNA
28. Coding region: Part that is transcribed
Exons and Introns
29. Exons: regions that end up in the final mRNA
30. Introns: regions that are spliced out
31. Microarray: technique for determining expression profile
Isolate RNA in bulk ’ make labeled cDNAs ’ hybridize cDNA to microarray ’ scan
microarray for intensity of label for all features
32. Principles of Natural Selection:: There is a "struggle of existence" (Darwin)
More born, hatched, etc., than survive
Individuals vary in fitness
Some have phenotypes that enhance survival, therefore reproduction
Differences in fitness are heritable
Fitness differences are under genetic control
In different environments different genotypes are better at getting reproduced than
others
33. Prokaryotic genome variation: Bacteria and Archaea: single celled
No membrane-bound organelles
DNA in cytosol (nucleoid)
Cell size: 1-10 microns
Division via FISSION
No sex
34. Eukaryotic genome variation: Protists: single celled
Fungi, plants, & animals: mulit-cellular
