Nurs 5315 Adv Patho Exam 3 Set 1 with
complete solutions
Cardiac Blood Flow - ANSWER-o From body
o Through:
♣ Vena cavas
♣ Right atrium
♣ Tricuspid valve
♣ Right ventricle
♣ Pulmonic valve
♣ Pulmonary artery
o To lungs
♣ Pulmonary vein
♣ Left atrium
♣ Mitral valve
♣ Left ventricle
♣ Aortic valve
o Back to body
Cardiac Anatomy - ANSWER-The heart is the size of a closed fist
2/3 of the heart is to the left of the midline
1/3 under the sternum
heart layers - ANSWER-Endocardium ( inner)
myocardium ( middle)
Pericardium ( outer)
Cardiac action potential: phase 0 - ANSWER-rapid depolarization
Sodium influx d/t voltage-gated sodium channels opening
Cardiac action potential: phase 1 - ANSWER-initial repolarization of
cells
, Nurs 5315 Adv Patho Exam 3 Set 1 with
complete solutions
voltage gated sodium channels closed
voltage gated potassium channels open
Potassium leaves cell slowly
Cardiac action potential: phase 2 - ANSWER-plateau phase
voltage gated calcium channels open
influx of calcium into the cell
balances potassium efflux
calcium influx triggers more calcium from sarcoplasmic reticulum >
myocardial contraction
Cardiac action potential: phase 3 - ANSWER-Rapid Repolarization
w/ potassium efflux
voltage gated potassium channels open
voltage gated calcium channels close
Cardiac action potential: phase 4 - ANSWER-resting membrane
potential, -85 mV
High potassium permeability from the potassium channels
Potassium imbalance affect on myocardial action potentials -
ANSWER-Hypokalemia-increased atrial preload leads to 1-3 degree
blocks
Hyperkalemia-slows depolarization, leads to sunus bradycardia and
junctional rhythm
Calcium imbalance affect on myocardial action potentials -
ANSWER-Hypocalcemia-decreased contractility
Hypercalcemia-increased contractility>ST and PJCs, vasoconstriction
Magnesium imbalance effect on the Cardiovascular system -
ANSWER-Magnesium causes vasodilation
complete solutions
Cardiac Blood Flow - ANSWER-o From body
o Through:
♣ Vena cavas
♣ Right atrium
♣ Tricuspid valve
♣ Right ventricle
♣ Pulmonic valve
♣ Pulmonary artery
o To lungs
♣ Pulmonary vein
♣ Left atrium
♣ Mitral valve
♣ Left ventricle
♣ Aortic valve
o Back to body
Cardiac Anatomy - ANSWER-The heart is the size of a closed fist
2/3 of the heart is to the left of the midline
1/3 under the sternum
heart layers - ANSWER-Endocardium ( inner)
myocardium ( middle)
Pericardium ( outer)
Cardiac action potential: phase 0 - ANSWER-rapid depolarization
Sodium influx d/t voltage-gated sodium channels opening
Cardiac action potential: phase 1 - ANSWER-initial repolarization of
cells
, Nurs 5315 Adv Patho Exam 3 Set 1 with
complete solutions
voltage gated sodium channels closed
voltage gated potassium channels open
Potassium leaves cell slowly
Cardiac action potential: phase 2 - ANSWER-plateau phase
voltage gated calcium channels open
influx of calcium into the cell
balances potassium efflux
calcium influx triggers more calcium from sarcoplasmic reticulum >
myocardial contraction
Cardiac action potential: phase 3 - ANSWER-Rapid Repolarization
w/ potassium efflux
voltage gated potassium channels open
voltage gated calcium channels close
Cardiac action potential: phase 4 - ANSWER-resting membrane
potential, -85 mV
High potassium permeability from the potassium channels
Potassium imbalance affect on myocardial action potentials -
ANSWER-Hypokalemia-increased atrial preload leads to 1-3 degree
blocks
Hyperkalemia-slows depolarization, leads to sunus bradycardia and
junctional rhythm
Calcium imbalance affect on myocardial action potentials -
ANSWER-Hypocalcemia-decreased contractility
Hypercalcemia-increased contractility>ST and PJCs, vasoconstriction
Magnesium imbalance effect on the Cardiovascular system -
ANSWER-Magnesium causes vasodilation
