FYBSC SEM II ANATOMY
Plant Tissue
A tissue is a cluster of cells, that are alike in configuration and work together to attain a specific
function. Different types of plant tissues include permanent and meristematic tissues.
Plant Tissue Definition
Plant tissue is a collection of similar cells performing an organized function for the plant. Each plant tissue
is specialized for a unique purpose, and can be combined with other tissues to create organs such as leaves,
flowers, stems and roots.
Types of Tissue in Plants- Concept Map
The following is a brief outline of plant tissues- and their sub-types with examples-
PROMERISTEM,PRI. MERISTEM, SEC MERISTEM
PROTODERM, GROUND, VASCULAR MERISTEM
CHLORENCHYMA
AERENCHYMA Glandular
Secretory permanent tissue Laticiferous
DIFFRENCE BETWEEN MERISTEMATIC AND PERMANENT TISSUE
Meristematic tissue:
These tissues have the capability to develop by swift division. They assist in the major growth of the
vegetation. Growth in length and growth in diameter of the plant is carried about by these cells. The
Meristematic cells are cubical, living cells with a big nucleus. These cells are meticulously crammed with
no intercellular spaces.
Classification of meristematic tissues along with their characteristics-
DR. VEENA KELKAR 1
,Types of Meristematic Tissue’s POSSITION where the meristematic tissues are existing, they are categorized
as intercalary, lateral and apical meristems.
1. Apical meristem
• is present at the growing tips or apical of stems and roots.
• Apical meristem helps in the growth of length of the plant.
• is divided into-promeristem zone, which has actively dividing cells, &
meristematic zone, which has protoderm, procambium and ground meristem.
2. Lateral meristem
• is existent in the radial portion of the stem or root.
• Vascular cambium and cork cambium are the two lateral meristems.
• They divide preclinically or radially to give secondary permanent tissues.
• Lateral meristem upsurges the thickness of the plant.
3. Intercalary meristem
• is found at the internodes or at the base of the leaves.
• Intercalary meristem upsurges the size of the internode.
• It is found in grass, monocots and pines.
• It can be consdered a part of apical meristem and adds to the height of the plant.
Meristematic Tissue On the Basis of Function -
Protoderm
• It is the outermost plant tissue and forms the epidermis.
• It protects the plants from any mechanical shocks.
Procambium
• It is the innermost tissue and gives rise to xylem and phloem.
• It helps in the transport of water and nutrients to different parts of the plant.
Ground Meristem
• The cells are large with thick walls.
• It forms the cortex, pericycle and pith.
Old meristematic cells lose the capability to distribute and convert into permanent tissues. This procedure
of capturing up a permanent function, size, and shape is termed as differentiation.
Types of Meristematic Tissue On the basis of Origin-
Promeristem
• The earliest and youngest meristematic tissue.
• It originates from the embryo.
• The primary meristem arises from the promeristem.
• It is found in the root and the shoot tips.
Primary Meristem
• It arises from the promeristem.
• Cells divide actively.
• It is present below the promeristem and forms the permanent tissue.
Secondary Meristem
• It originates from the primary meristem.
• The permanent tissue forms from the secondary meristem.
DR. VEENA KELKAR 2
, Permanent tissues:
These cells have lost their ability to distribute but are specialised to offer elasticity, flexibility and strength
to the plant. These tissues can be additionally categorised into:
1. Simple Permanent Tissue: They can be classified into sclerenchyma, collenchyma and parenchyma
based on their purpose.
2. Complex Permanent Tissue: These tissues include phloem and xylem. Xylem is valuable for the
transportation of water and solvable constituents. It is made up of xylem parenchyma, fibres,
vessels and tracheids. Phloem is valuable in the transportation of food particles. Phloem consists of
phloem parenchyma, phloem fibres, companion cells, sieve cells and sieve tubes.
3. Secretory permanent Tissues: These tissues include Laticiferous tissues and Glandular tissues.
SIMPLE PERMANENT-
Parenchyma
These are alive, polygonal cells with a big central vacuole, and have intercellular spaces amidst
them. Parenchymatous cells create ground tissue and pith.
1. Parenchyma consisting of chloroplasts are termed as chlorenchyma. The chlorenchyma helps in
photosynthesis.
2. Parenchyma which consists of big air voids is called aerenchyma. Buoyancy is the main purpose the
aerenchyma.
3. Some parenchymatous cells perform as storage chambers for starch in vegetable and fruits.
Collenchyma
These are stretched out, living cells with minute intercellular gaps. Their cell walls are made up of pectin
and cellulose. Collenchyma is found in the marginal regions of leaves and stems and offers flexibility with
the structural framework and mechanical support to plants.
Sclerenchyma
These are elongated, dead cells with lignin deposits in their cell wall. They have no intercellular
gaps. Sclerenchyma is found in the covering of seeds and nuts, around the vascular tissues in stems and
the veins of leaves. Sclerenchyma provides strength to the plant.
COMPLEX PERMANENT
Xylem
It helps in the transport of dissolved substances and water all through the plant. The diverse components
of the xylem include vessels, tracheids, xylem fibres and xylem parenchyma. Xylem fibres and Tracheids are
made up of lignin, which provides structural support to the plant.
Phloem
This tissue helps in the transportation of food all through the plant. The diverse elements of phloem include
phloem fibres, sieve tubes, phloem parenchyma and companion cells.
Protective tissues
These provide fortification to the plant. They include the cork and epidermis.
1. Epidermis – It is a layer of cell that makes up an outer casing of all the structures in the plant.
The stomata perforates the epidermis at certain places. The stomata help in loss of water and
gaseous exchange.
2. Cork – This is the external protective tissue, which substitutes the epidermal cells in mature stems
and roots. Cork cells are lifeless and lack intercellular gaps. Their cell walls are coagulated by
suberin, which makes them impervious to gas and Water Molecules.
DR. VEENA KELKAR 3
Plant Tissue
A tissue is a cluster of cells, that are alike in configuration and work together to attain a specific
function. Different types of plant tissues include permanent and meristematic tissues.
Plant Tissue Definition
Plant tissue is a collection of similar cells performing an organized function for the plant. Each plant tissue
is specialized for a unique purpose, and can be combined with other tissues to create organs such as leaves,
flowers, stems and roots.
Types of Tissue in Plants- Concept Map
The following is a brief outline of plant tissues- and their sub-types with examples-
PROMERISTEM,PRI. MERISTEM, SEC MERISTEM
PROTODERM, GROUND, VASCULAR MERISTEM
CHLORENCHYMA
AERENCHYMA Glandular
Secretory permanent tissue Laticiferous
DIFFRENCE BETWEEN MERISTEMATIC AND PERMANENT TISSUE
Meristematic tissue:
These tissues have the capability to develop by swift division. They assist in the major growth of the
vegetation. Growth in length and growth in diameter of the plant is carried about by these cells. The
Meristematic cells are cubical, living cells with a big nucleus. These cells are meticulously crammed with
no intercellular spaces.
Classification of meristematic tissues along with their characteristics-
DR. VEENA KELKAR 1
,Types of Meristematic Tissue’s POSSITION where the meristematic tissues are existing, they are categorized
as intercalary, lateral and apical meristems.
1. Apical meristem
• is present at the growing tips or apical of stems and roots.
• Apical meristem helps in the growth of length of the plant.
• is divided into-promeristem zone, which has actively dividing cells, &
meristematic zone, which has protoderm, procambium and ground meristem.
2. Lateral meristem
• is existent in the radial portion of the stem or root.
• Vascular cambium and cork cambium are the two lateral meristems.
• They divide preclinically or radially to give secondary permanent tissues.
• Lateral meristem upsurges the thickness of the plant.
3. Intercalary meristem
• is found at the internodes or at the base of the leaves.
• Intercalary meristem upsurges the size of the internode.
• It is found in grass, monocots and pines.
• It can be consdered a part of apical meristem and adds to the height of the plant.
Meristematic Tissue On the Basis of Function -
Protoderm
• It is the outermost plant tissue and forms the epidermis.
• It protects the plants from any mechanical shocks.
Procambium
• It is the innermost tissue and gives rise to xylem and phloem.
• It helps in the transport of water and nutrients to different parts of the plant.
Ground Meristem
• The cells are large with thick walls.
• It forms the cortex, pericycle and pith.
Old meristematic cells lose the capability to distribute and convert into permanent tissues. This procedure
of capturing up a permanent function, size, and shape is termed as differentiation.
Types of Meristematic Tissue On the basis of Origin-
Promeristem
• The earliest and youngest meristematic tissue.
• It originates from the embryo.
• The primary meristem arises from the promeristem.
• It is found in the root and the shoot tips.
Primary Meristem
• It arises from the promeristem.
• Cells divide actively.
• It is present below the promeristem and forms the permanent tissue.
Secondary Meristem
• It originates from the primary meristem.
• The permanent tissue forms from the secondary meristem.
DR. VEENA KELKAR 2
, Permanent tissues:
These cells have lost their ability to distribute but are specialised to offer elasticity, flexibility and strength
to the plant. These tissues can be additionally categorised into:
1. Simple Permanent Tissue: They can be classified into sclerenchyma, collenchyma and parenchyma
based on their purpose.
2. Complex Permanent Tissue: These tissues include phloem and xylem. Xylem is valuable for the
transportation of water and solvable constituents. It is made up of xylem parenchyma, fibres,
vessels and tracheids. Phloem is valuable in the transportation of food particles. Phloem consists of
phloem parenchyma, phloem fibres, companion cells, sieve cells and sieve tubes.
3. Secretory permanent Tissues: These tissues include Laticiferous tissues and Glandular tissues.
SIMPLE PERMANENT-
Parenchyma
These are alive, polygonal cells with a big central vacuole, and have intercellular spaces amidst
them. Parenchymatous cells create ground tissue and pith.
1. Parenchyma consisting of chloroplasts are termed as chlorenchyma. The chlorenchyma helps in
photosynthesis.
2. Parenchyma which consists of big air voids is called aerenchyma. Buoyancy is the main purpose the
aerenchyma.
3. Some parenchymatous cells perform as storage chambers for starch in vegetable and fruits.
Collenchyma
These are stretched out, living cells with minute intercellular gaps. Their cell walls are made up of pectin
and cellulose. Collenchyma is found in the marginal regions of leaves and stems and offers flexibility with
the structural framework and mechanical support to plants.
Sclerenchyma
These are elongated, dead cells with lignin deposits in their cell wall. They have no intercellular
gaps. Sclerenchyma is found in the covering of seeds and nuts, around the vascular tissues in stems and
the veins of leaves. Sclerenchyma provides strength to the plant.
COMPLEX PERMANENT
Xylem
It helps in the transport of dissolved substances and water all through the plant. The diverse components
of the xylem include vessels, tracheids, xylem fibres and xylem parenchyma. Xylem fibres and Tracheids are
made up of lignin, which provides structural support to the plant.
Phloem
This tissue helps in the transportation of food all through the plant. The diverse elements of phloem include
phloem fibres, sieve tubes, phloem parenchyma and companion cells.
Protective tissues
These provide fortification to the plant. They include the cork and epidermis.
1. Epidermis – It is a layer of cell that makes up an outer casing of all the structures in the plant.
The stomata perforates the epidermis at certain places. The stomata help in loss of water and
gaseous exchange.
2. Cork – This is the external protective tissue, which substitutes the epidermal cells in mature stems
and roots. Cork cells are lifeless and lack intercellular gaps. Their cell walls are coagulated by
suberin, which makes them impervious to gas and Water Molecules.
DR. VEENA KELKAR 3
