IPOL Part 2.
● constitution + bill of rights
● madisonian democracy
○ separation of power
○ checks and balances
○ federalism
○ indirect election
● separation of power
○ executive
■ head of government and state
■ co-signs legislature
■ implements federal laws
■ claims made by president telling bureaucracy how to act in specific
circumstances
■ negotiates international treaties
■ commander is chief
■ nominates judges to the SCOTUS
→ abuse of power (monarchical tendencies)
● determining political agenda of party members in congress
● increased usage of vetoes
● abusing decrees
● declaring war without role of congress
→ elections
● primary chooses candidates for each of the parties
● citizens vote for electoral college which votes for president→gives relative importance of
small and swing states
○ legislature (congress)= house of representatives and senate
■ in charge of impeachment process
■ have the power of the purse
■ keep executive in check
■ responsivle to declare war
○ judiciary (supreme court)
■ appointed for life
■ increased politicization
■ can review and interpret the laws and trial its own members
● fiscal cliff: disagreement on budget between the legislative and executive→ government
shutdown→ poisonious policy package (parties blame each other to lower approval ratings)
● Summary
○ emphasizes economic independence
○ formal equality of opportunity
○ high political activism of the highly educated leading to low turnout with the lower
educated
○ dependent on religion
● Madisonian democracy deprived
○ balance of power undermined by growing power of executive
, ○ separation of power undermined by power sharing (war, budget)
○ fewer indirect election
○ more polarization
EU
● power sharing→ vertically and horizontally
● constant improvisation
● intergovernmental(all countries have veto power) and supernational(hierarchy within the
union)
● subsidiary: things should be handled at the lowest level of government as possible
● neo-functionalism: with every change there are spillovers→ EU has no end point
○ exogenous (external events that have impact on EU)
○ geographic (new countries join)
○ political
○ functional
● internal market: good, labor, capital and service
● community method
● treaty of maastricht
● structure
○ European council: council pf prime ministers, make the grand decisions
○ Council of ministers: council of regular ministers
○ European committee: supervise implementation and propose new laws, focus on
collective interest
○ European parliament: advisory role, cooperation procedure
○ European court of justice
● democracy fallacy
○ many institutions are not majoritarian→ appointed by gov.
○ turnout at EP elections decreasing
○ no presence of european identity undermining democracy
○ technocracy increase
○ asymetrical spillover
● Moravcisk: no democratic deficit
○ every country has veto power and can hold their own representatives to account
○ EU is transparent
○ checks and balances in EU decision making process→ ensure pluralism
Welfare state
● government is responsible for the social and economic security of its citizens through public
programs
● ensures guaranteed level of income
● societal facilities that enable citizens to function in society
● help diminish inequalities
● increase emphasis on equalities
History of welfare state
, ● church: charity
● industrialization: design the welfare state
● WWII: keynesian economics and government investment in social beneficts, rise of social
democracy
Regime of welfare states
● social democratic: expensive welfare, individualistic, state-led and generalistic
● conservative: communitarian, conditional, subsidizing state (state in collaboration with
unions), small
● liberal: individualistic, limited, small benefits, few resources, personal responsibility, welfare
as last resort
Challenges
● economic difficulties
● ideological shift: Keynesian→ neo-liberalism (interest groups > state)
● aging population
● individualization of responsibility
● historical institutionalism: hard to change institutions as time goes by, hard to make major
changes
● welfare chauvinism: welfare only for locals
● increasing international integration
Democracy
● rule of law
● freedom of expression
● general election and universal suffrage
● separtion of power
● minimalist concept of democracy: rivalring elites
● polyarchy: citizens should be allowed to have a a say and be involved in different levels of
government
In democracy
● demos (people who pay taxes and source of income) vs. universal suffrage
● liberal rule of law vs. majority decision
● separation vs. concentration of powers
Origin of democracy
● athens
● rise of parliament
● dualism crown parliaments
● conflict crown
● reformations and end of conflicts→ absolutionism, constitutional monarchy, separation
between the two
Waves of democracy
● Scandinavian countries
● constitution + bill of rights
● madisonian democracy
○ separation of power
○ checks and balances
○ federalism
○ indirect election
● separation of power
○ executive
■ head of government and state
■ co-signs legislature
■ implements federal laws
■ claims made by president telling bureaucracy how to act in specific
circumstances
■ negotiates international treaties
■ commander is chief
■ nominates judges to the SCOTUS
→ abuse of power (monarchical tendencies)
● determining political agenda of party members in congress
● increased usage of vetoes
● abusing decrees
● declaring war without role of congress
→ elections
● primary chooses candidates for each of the parties
● citizens vote for electoral college which votes for president→gives relative importance of
small and swing states
○ legislature (congress)= house of representatives and senate
■ in charge of impeachment process
■ have the power of the purse
■ keep executive in check
■ responsivle to declare war
○ judiciary (supreme court)
■ appointed for life
■ increased politicization
■ can review and interpret the laws and trial its own members
● fiscal cliff: disagreement on budget between the legislative and executive→ government
shutdown→ poisonious policy package (parties blame each other to lower approval ratings)
● Summary
○ emphasizes economic independence
○ formal equality of opportunity
○ high political activism of the highly educated leading to low turnout with the lower
educated
○ dependent on religion
● Madisonian democracy deprived
○ balance of power undermined by growing power of executive
, ○ separation of power undermined by power sharing (war, budget)
○ fewer indirect election
○ more polarization
EU
● power sharing→ vertically and horizontally
● constant improvisation
● intergovernmental(all countries have veto power) and supernational(hierarchy within the
union)
● subsidiary: things should be handled at the lowest level of government as possible
● neo-functionalism: with every change there are spillovers→ EU has no end point
○ exogenous (external events that have impact on EU)
○ geographic (new countries join)
○ political
○ functional
● internal market: good, labor, capital and service
● community method
● treaty of maastricht
● structure
○ European council: council pf prime ministers, make the grand decisions
○ Council of ministers: council of regular ministers
○ European committee: supervise implementation and propose new laws, focus on
collective interest
○ European parliament: advisory role, cooperation procedure
○ European court of justice
● democracy fallacy
○ many institutions are not majoritarian→ appointed by gov.
○ turnout at EP elections decreasing
○ no presence of european identity undermining democracy
○ technocracy increase
○ asymetrical spillover
● Moravcisk: no democratic deficit
○ every country has veto power and can hold their own representatives to account
○ EU is transparent
○ checks and balances in EU decision making process→ ensure pluralism
Welfare state
● government is responsible for the social and economic security of its citizens through public
programs
● ensures guaranteed level of income
● societal facilities that enable citizens to function in society
● help diminish inequalities
● increase emphasis on equalities
History of welfare state
, ● church: charity
● industrialization: design the welfare state
● WWII: keynesian economics and government investment in social beneficts, rise of social
democracy
Regime of welfare states
● social democratic: expensive welfare, individualistic, state-led and generalistic
● conservative: communitarian, conditional, subsidizing state (state in collaboration with
unions), small
● liberal: individualistic, limited, small benefits, few resources, personal responsibility, welfare
as last resort
Challenges
● economic difficulties
● ideological shift: Keynesian→ neo-liberalism (interest groups > state)
● aging population
● individualization of responsibility
● historical institutionalism: hard to change institutions as time goes by, hard to make major
changes
● welfare chauvinism: welfare only for locals
● increasing international integration
Democracy
● rule of law
● freedom of expression
● general election and universal suffrage
● separtion of power
● minimalist concept of democracy: rivalring elites
● polyarchy: citizens should be allowed to have a a say and be involved in different levels of
government
In democracy
● demos (people who pay taxes and source of income) vs. universal suffrage
● liberal rule of law vs. majority decision
● separation vs. concentration of powers
Origin of democracy
● athens
● rise of parliament
● dualism crown parliaments
● conflict crown
● reformations and end of conflicts→ absolutionism, constitutional monarchy, separation
between the two
Waves of democracy
● Scandinavian countries
