UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHEASTERN PHILIPPINES
MODULE 1: THE SELF FROM VARIOUS PERSPECTIVES
ADAPTED FROM: MODULE/POWERPOINT/LECTURE
[TRANS] UNIT 1.1: THE SELF IN THE PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVES
things. Under this definition, four things are to be
OUTLINE considered:
I Philosophy o It is called science because the investigation is
i Definition systematic wherein, it follows a thorough step by step
ii Goal of Philosophy process.
iii Knowledge vs. Wisdom
A Classification and Branches
o It is by natural light of reason as philosophy
i Classification of Philosophy investigates things, not by using any other laboratory
ii Theoretical Branches instrument or investigative tools, neither on the basis
iii Practical Branches of supernatural revelation, otherwise it becomes
II Ancient Classical Period theology. In short, it is done simply through
i Main Points human reasoning.
A Socrates o It is the study of all things as it sets the distinction
i Socrates’ Beliefs between philosophies from other sciences. All other
B Plato
i Plato’s Beliefs
sciences concern themselves with a particular object
ii Allegory of the Cave of investigation. In short, a philosopher does not limit
III Medieval Period himself to a particular object of inquiry. He questions
i Main Points almost anything, if not everything.
B St. Augustine • Contemporary definition: The critical and rational
i St. Augustine’s Beliefs inquiry into basic principles. It is the branch of knowledge
C St. Thomas Aquinas or academic study devoted to the systematic examination
i First Way (The Argument from Motion)
of basic concepts such as truth, existence, reality,
ii Second Way (Causation of Existence)
iii Third Way (Contingent and Necessary causality, and freedom.
Objects)
iv Fourth Way (The Argument from GOAL OF PHILOSOPHY
Degrees and Perfection)
v Fifth Way (The Argument from
• To address the “big questions” which do not fall into other
Intelligent Design) disciplines such as how we should act (ethics), what
IV Modernity exists (metaphysics), how we know what we know
i Main Points (epistemology), and how we should reason (logic).
ii 1st Camp: Rationalization • Philosophy has been a catch-all for academic subjects
iii 2nd Camp: Empiricism which don’t fit into the traditional disciplines of science
A Rene Descartes and the humanities.
i Rene Descarte’s Significant
o This doesn’t mean it is disconnected from these
Contributions
B John Locke areas.
i John Locke’s Beliefs • The relationship of philosophy and science is almost as
C David Hume close as the relationship between math and science, and
i David Hume’s Beliefs many masters of literature have also started philosophical
ii Feelings & Reasons movements.
iii Religion • Many academic disciplines have a corresponding
iv Common Sense
philosophy behind them: philosophy of science, for
v Ethics
vi Bundle Theory instance, or philosophy of history.
vii Impressions vs. Ideas
D Immanuel Kant KNOWLEDGE vs. WISDOM
i Immanuel Kant’s Beliefs
• Knowledge is the general awareness or possession of
V Post-Modernity
i Main Points information, facts, ideas, truths, or principles.
A Sigmund Freud • Wisdom is the accumulated knowledge of life or a sphere
i Sigmund Freud’s Beliefs of activity that has been gained through experience.
ii Psychoanalytic Theory
iii Ego Defense Mechanisms CLASSIFICATION AND BRANCHES
iv Psychosexual Development
B Gilbert Ryle
i Gilbert Ryle’s Beliefs CLASSIFICATIONS OF PHILOSOPHY
C Paul Churchland Table No. 1 Classification of Philosophy
i Paul Churchland’s Beliefs Division Categories Fields Subject Matter
D Maurice Merleau-Ponty Epistemology Knowledge
i Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s Beliefs Cosmology Physical world
Metaphysics Reality, being, existence
Theoretical
Ontology Particular existing things
PHILOSOPHY Psychology Mind, consciousness
Philosophy came from the two Greek words “philo” and Pure Theodicy God, divine doctrines
Aesthetics Art, beauty
“sofia” which translates “to love” and “wisdom” respectively
Axiology Values
hence, “love of wisdom”. Pythagoras invented the word Practical Ethics Behavior, good life
Philosophy for, to him, philosophers are fittingly called Logic Thinking, reasoning
lovers of wisdom. Semantics Linguistic meanings
Philosophy of
Education
Education
DEFINITION Philosophy of
Applied History
• Classical definition: The science that, by natural light of History
Philosophy of
reason, studies the first causes or highest principles of all Literature
Literature
MODULE 1: THE SELF FROM VARIOUS PERSPECTIVES
ADAPTED FROM: MODULE/POWERPOINT/LECTURE
[TRANS] UNIT 1.1: THE SELF IN THE PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVES
things. Under this definition, four things are to be
OUTLINE considered:
I Philosophy o It is called science because the investigation is
i Definition systematic wherein, it follows a thorough step by step
ii Goal of Philosophy process.
iii Knowledge vs. Wisdom
A Classification and Branches
o It is by natural light of reason as philosophy
i Classification of Philosophy investigates things, not by using any other laboratory
ii Theoretical Branches instrument or investigative tools, neither on the basis
iii Practical Branches of supernatural revelation, otherwise it becomes
II Ancient Classical Period theology. In short, it is done simply through
i Main Points human reasoning.
A Socrates o It is the study of all things as it sets the distinction
i Socrates’ Beliefs between philosophies from other sciences. All other
B Plato
i Plato’s Beliefs
sciences concern themselves with a particular object
ii Allegory of the Cave of investigation. In short, a philosopher does not limit
III Medieval Period himself to a particular object of inquiry. He questions
i Main Points almost anything, if not everything.
B St. Augustine • Contemporary definition: The critical and rational
i St. Augustine’s Beliefs inquiry into basic principles. It is the branch of knowledge
C St. Thomas Aquinas or academic study devoted to the systematic examination
i First Way (The Argument from Motion)
of basic concepts such as truth, existence, reality,
ii Second Way (Causation of Existence)
iii Third Way (Contingent and Necessary causality, and freedom.
Objects)
iv Fourth Way (The Argument from GOAL OF PHILOSOPHY
Degrees and Perfection)
v Fifth Way (The Argument from
• To address the “big questions” which do not fall into other
Intelligent Design) disciplines such as how we should act (ethics), what
IV Modernity exists (metaphysics), how we know what we know
i Main Points (epistemology), and how we should reason (logic).
ii 1st Camp: Rationalization • Philosophy has been a catch-all for academic subjects
iii 2nd Camp: Empiricism which don’t fit into the traditional disciplines of science
A Rene Descartes and the humanities.
i Rene Descarte’s Significant
o This doesn’t mean it is disconnected from these
Contributions
B John Locke areas.
i John Locke’s Beliefs • The relationship of philosophy and science is almost as
C David Hume close as the relationship between math and science, and
i David Hume’s Beliefs many masters of literature have also started philosophical
ii Feelings & Reasons movements.
iii Religion • Many academic disciplines have a corresponding
iv Common Sense
philosophy behind them: philosophy of science, for
v Ethics
vi Bundle Theory instance, or philosophy of history.
vii Impressions vs. Ideas
D Immanuel Kant KNOWLEDGE vs. WISDOM
i Immanuel Kant’s Beliefs
• Knowledge is the general awareness or possession of
V Post-Modernity
i Main Points information, facts, ideas, truths, or principles.
A Sigmund Freud • Wisdom is the accumulated knowledge of life or a sphere
i Sigmund Freud’s Beliefs of activity that has been gained through experience.
ii Psychoanalytic Theory
iii Ego Defense Mechanisms CLASSIFICATION AND BRANCHES
iv Psychosexual Development
B Gilbert Ryle
i Gilbert Ryle’s Beliefs CLASSIFICATIONS OF PHILOSOPHY
C Paul Churchland Table No. 1 Classification of Philosophy
i Paul Churchland’s Beliefs Division Categories Fields Subject Matter
D Maurice Merleau-Ponty Epistemology Knowledge
i Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s Beliefs Cosmology Physical world
Metaphysics Reality, being, existence
Theoretical
Ontology Particular existing things
PHILOSOPHY Psychology Mind, consciousness
Philosophy came from the two Greek words “philo” and Pure Theodicy God, divine doctrines
Aesthetics Art, beauty
“sofia” which translates “to love” and “wisdom” respectively
Axiology Values
hence, “love of wisdom”. Pythagoras invented the word Practical Ethics Behavior, good life
Philosophy for, to him, philosophers are fittingly called Logic Thinking, reasoning
lovers of wisdom. Semantics Linguistic meanings
Philosophy of
Education
Education
DEFINITION Philosophy of
Applied History
• Classical definition: The science that, by natural light of History
Philosophy of
reason, studies the first causes or highest principles of all Literature
Literature
