Den 1200 Final Exam Review
| Que &Answ 2024
1. Evidence Based Practice involves: conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current scientific
evidence to inform decisions during the care of individual patients in relation to their oral health
and medical conditions
2. T or F: Scientific evidence is sufficient to make decisions: False: The clinical expertise of the
professional and patient preferences, values and circumstances are combined with the best
external clinical evidence to make evidence based decisions
3. Evidence based decisions include:
a. the clinical expertise of the professional
b. patient preferences, values and circumstances
c. the best available external clinical evidence from a body of rigorous re- search findings
d. all of the above: d. all of the above
4. T or F: An EBP plan is objective, effective and interventions are scientifically sound: True
5. What is the need for EBP?: 1. Patients will pursue knowledge
2. Quantity of evidence based written material grows considerably
3. To help patients discern the validity and reliability of information
4. To direct decision making
6. What is the major component of life-long learning and remaining relevant in Dental Hygiene?:
SELF DIRECTED LEARNING
7. What are the skills needed for implementing evidence based dental hygiene practice?: -Self
directed learning
-Involves ethical reasoning and practice
-A systematic approach to ask the right questions
- Information literacy
-Computer and media literacy
8. What is Research?: the process of discovering new knowledge
9. True or False: Research includes subjective data, taking an educated guess, simply gathering
information, simply un-systematic searching for info: FALSE: Research is not subjective data, taking
an educated guess, simply gathering infor- mation, simply un-systematic searching for info
10.True or False: One great peer reviewed study is considered sufficient evidence: False: A
body of published studies which address a particular clinical issue is required
11.What is the primary source of new knowledge?: Literature
12.What does the peer reviewed process do?: It helps assure the validity, relia- bility, and
objectivity of published journal articles
13.single-blind peer: only the identity of the reviewer is anonymous
For help with assignments contact
, Den 1200 Final Exam Review
| Que &Answ 2024
14.double-blind peer review: A process in which the reviewers of a research article do not
know the identity of the researcher(s) and vice versa.
15.open peer review: Authors know who the reviewers are, and the reviewers know who the
authors are.
16.T or F: Peer review has served to elevate the standards of publication: True
17.What percentage of American adults consult the internet for a variety of medical information?:
70 percent
18.T or F: More than 1/3 of Americans self diagnose when they encounter a health problem: True
19.Three phrases that indicate there is a gap in research: "has not been clari- fied, studied,
reported or elucidated"
"further research is required or needed"
"suggestions for further research
20.How is the evidence used?: - To develop and answer clinical questions
- To access relevant literature on a topic to establish what has been previously researched
- to identify "gaps" in the literary and make a case for proposed research
21.Code of Federal Regulations definition of research: A systematic investiga- tion designed to
develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge
22.National Academy of Sciences states the object of research is to : -
extend human knowledge of the physical, biological, or social world beyond what is already
known
23.How is research different form other forms of discovering knowledge like reading a book?: It
uses a systematic process called the scientific method
24.Four main components of a study: Introduction/Background Methods
Data/Results
Discussion and Conclusions
25.Hypothesis: an informed and educated prediction or explanation about some- thing
26.What acts like a map through the research study?: Hypothesis
27.What is considered the Gold Standard of scientific studies?: RCT: Ran- domised controlled
trials
28.What is the strongest form of scientific study/evidence?: Metaanalyses
29.Name three types of primary research: Experimental (RCT) Cohort studies
Case-control studies
30.Name two types of secondary research: Meta analyses Systematic
reviews
For help with assignments contact
, Den 1200 Final Exam Review
| Que &Answ 2024
31.Systematic review: summarises two or more primary research studies on the same topic
32.Meta Analysis: a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different
research studies into one "bottom line" analysis
33.What are the two categories of primary studies?: Descriptive and Experi- mental
34.Descriptive study: study in which information is collected without changing the environment
or manipulating anything. Conducted to demonstrate associations or relationships between
things in the world around you.
35.Office of Human Research Protections (OHRP) defines a descriptive study as : any
study that is not truly experimental
36.A one time interaction with groups of people is called a
study: cross-sectional
37. A study that follows the same group of individuals over time is called a
study: longitudinal
38.Experimental study: a study in which a treatment, procedure, or program is intentionally
introduced and a result or outcome is observed
39.Four essential components of an experimental study: manipulation (most important)
control (most important)
random assignment
random selection
40.Manipulation: purposefully altering aspects of the environment
41.Control (experimental): serves to mitigate external influences on the study's outcome
42.T or F: confidence in the established causal relationship between the manipulation and the
outcome is reinforced when there is a reduction of errors and biases in the study: True
43.Parallel RCT design: experimental and control groups are assigned different treatments for
the duration of the study
44.Crossover RCT design: both the experimental and control groups will receive both
treatments with a crossover period
45.Advantages of Parallel RCT design: -usually a shorter trial
-No carryover effect
- Doesn't require stable disease and similar baselines
46.Disadvantages of Parallel RCT design: - requires a larger sample size
- ethical consideration when there has been established evidence of superiority of one of the
treatments
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, Den 1200 Final Exam Review
| Que &Answ 2024
47.Advantages of Crossover RCT design: -studies may use smaller samples
-no ethical dilemmas since all participants will receive experimental treatment at some point
during the study
48.Disadvantages of Crossover RCT design: -longer trials
-"carryover" effect from previous treatment, makes it harder to disintiguish which treatment
caused an observable change
-requires stable disease, similar baselines of participants (makes
it harder to find suitable participants)
49.T or F: In a parallel rct design, each participants serves as their own control, while in a crossover
rct design outcomes are compared between groups: False; in a parallel rct, the outcomes are
compared between groups. While in a crossover rct, each participant serves as their own control
50.cohort study (longitudinal, prospective): Study that follows a particular cho- sen group of
people who have a risk factor for a disease and a control group without that risk factor. Follows
both groups to see if the disease develops at a higher rate in one group or the other.
51.Case control study (retrospective, observational): a retrospective study that looks at a group
with a disease (case) and one without (control), and searches to identify factors in their history
that can be associated with the disease.
52.Case report/study: description of a single patient case report without use of a control group
to compare outcomes
53.Standard format of a research paper: Abstract Introduction
Materials and Methods Results
and Discussion Summary and
Conclusions References
54.Which part of the paper is the hypothesis found in?: Introduction
55.Methods: explains to the reader how the experiment or research was conducted and why the
researcher chose specific procedures that justifies the experiments design
56. T or F: Methods assures the possibility of replication for future studies: -
True
57.T or F: In the case of human subjects, the methods used to protect their rights should be
included in the introduction of the paper: False; the methods used to protect the rights of the
human subjects should be included in the methods section
For help with assignments contact
| Que &Answ 2024
1. Evidence Based Practice involves: conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current scientific
evidence to inform decisions during the care of individual patients in relation to their oral health
and medical conditions
2. T or F: Scientific evidence is sufficient to make decisions: False: The clinical expertise of the
professional and patient preferences, values and circumstances are combined with the best
external clinical evidence to make evidence based decisions
3. Evidence based decisions include:
a. the clinical expertise of the professional
b. patient preferences, values and circumstances
c. the best available external clinical evidence from a body of rigorous re- search findings
d. all of the above: d. all of the above
4. T or F: An EBP plan is objective, effective and interventions are scientifically sound: True
5. What is the need for EBP?: 1. Patients will pursue knowledge
2. Quantity of evidence based written material grows considerably
3. To help patients discern the validity and reliability of information
4. To direct decision making
6. What is the major component of life-long learning and remaining relevant in Dental Hygiene?:
SELF DIRECTED LEARNING
7. What are the skills needed for implementing evidence based dental hygiene practice?: -Self
directed learning
-Involves ethical reasoning and practice
-A systematic approach to ask the right questions
- Information literacy
-Computer and media literacy
8. What is Research?: the process of discovering new knowledge
9. True or False: Research includes subjective data, taking an educated guess, simply gathering
information, simply un-systematic searching for info: FALSE: Research is not subjective data, taking
an educated guess, simply gathering infor- mation, simply un-systematic searching for info
10.True or False: One great peer reviewed study is considered sufficient evidence: False: A
body of published studies which address a particular clinical issue is required
11.What is the primary source of new knowledge?: Literature
12.What does the peer reviewed process do?: It helps assure the validity, relia- bility, and
objectivity of published journal articles
13.single-blind peer: only the identity of the reviewer is anonymous
For help with assignments contact
, Den 1200 Final Exam Review
| Que &Answ 2024
14.double-blind peer review: A process in which the reviewers of a research article do not
know the identity of the researcher(s) and vice versa.
15.open peer review: Authors know who the reviewers are, and the reviewers know who the
authors are.
16.T or F: Peer review has served to elevate the standards of publication: True
17.What percentage of American adults consult the internet for a variety of medical information?:
70 percent
18.T or F: More than 1/3 of Americans self diagnose when they encounter a health problem: True
19.Three phrases that indicate there is a gap in research: "has not been clari- fied, studied,
reported or elucidated"
"further research is required or needed"
"suggestions for further research
20.How is the evidence used?: - To develop and answer clinical questions
- To access relevant literature on a topic to establish what has been previously researched
- to identify "gaps" in the literary and make a case for proposed research
21.Code of Federal Regulations definition of research: A systematic investiga- tion designed to
develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge
22.National Academy of Sciences states the object of research is to : -
extend human knowledge of the physical, biological, or social world beyond what is already
known
23.How is research different form other forms of discovering knowledge like reading a book?: It
uses a systematic process called the scientific method
24.Four main components of a study: Introduction/Background Methods
Data/Results
Discussion and Conclusions
25.Hypothesis: an informed and educated prediction or explanation about some- thing
26.What acts like a map through the research study?: Hypothesis
27.What is considered the Gold Standard of scientific studies?: RCT: Ran- domised controlled
trials
28.What is the strongest form of scientific study/evidence?: Metaanalyses
29.Name three types of primary research: Experimental (RCT) Cohort studies
Case-control studies
30.Name two types of secondary research: Meta analyses Systematic
reviews
For help with assignments contact
, Den 1200 Final Exam Review
| Que &Answ 2024
31.Systematic review: summarises two or more primary research studies on the same topic
32.Meta Analysis: a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different
research studies into one "bottom line" analysis
33.What are the two categories of primary studies?: Descriptive and Experi- mental
34.Descriptive study: study in which information is collected without changing the environment
or manipulating anything. Conducted to demonstrate associations or relationships between
things in the world around you.
35.Office of Human Research Protections (OHRP) defines a descriptive study as : any
study that is not truly experimental
36.A one time interaction with groups of people is called a
study: cross-sectional
37. A study that follows the same group of individuals over time is called a
study: longitudinal
38.Experimental study: a study in which a treatment, procedure, or program is intentionally
introduced and a result or outcome is observed
39.Four essential components of an experimental study: manipulation (most important)
control (most important)
random assignment
random selection
40.Manipulation: purposefully altering aspects of the environment
41.Control (experimental): serves to mitigate external influences on the study's outcome
42.T or F: confidence in the established causal relationship between the manipulation and the
outcome is reinforced when there is a reduction of errors and biases in the study: True
43.Parallel RCT design: experimental and control groups are assigned different treatments for
the duration of the study
44.Crossover RCT design: both the experimental and control groups will receive both
treatments with a crossover period
45.Advantages of Parallel RCT design: -usually a shorter trial
-No carryover effect
- Doesn't require stable disease and similar baselines
46.Disadvantages of Parallel RCT design: - requires a larger sample size
- ethical consideration when there has been established evidence of superiority of one of the
treatments
For help with assignments contact
, Den 1200 Final Exam Review
| Que &Answ 2024
47.Advantages of Crossover RCT design: -studies may use smaller samples
-no ethical dilemmas since all participants will receive experimental treatment at some point
during the study
48.Disadvantages of Crossover RCT design: -longer trials
-"carryover" effect from previous treatment, makes it harder to disintiguish which treatment
caused an observable change
-requires stable disease, similar baselines of participants (makes
it harder to find suitable participants)
49.T or F: In a parallel rct design, each participants serves as their own control, while in a crossover
rct design outcomes are compared between groups: False; in a parallel rct, the outcomes are
compared between groups. While in a crossover rct, each participant serves as their own control
50.cohort study (longitudinal, prospective): Study that follows a particular cho- sen group of
people who have a risk factor for a disease and a control group without that risk factor. Follows
both groups to see if the disease develops at a higher rate in one group or the other.
51.Case control study (retrospective, observational): a retrospective study that looks at a group
with a disease (case) and one without (control), and searches to identify factors in their history
that can be associated with the disease.
52.Case report/study: description of a single patient case report without use of a control group
to compare outcomes
53.Standard format of a research paper: Abstract Introduction
Materials and Methods Results
and Discussion Summary and
Conclusions References
54.Which part of the paper is the hypothesis found in?: Introduction
55.Methods: explains to the reader how the experiment or research was conducted and why the
researcher chose specific procedures that justifies the experiments design
56. T or F: Methods assures the possibility of replication for future studies: -
True
57.T or F: In the case of human subjects, the methods used to protect their rights should be
included in the introduction of the paper: False; the methods used to protect the rights of the
human subjects should be included in the methods section
For help with assignments contact
