TERMS:
● Ex tunc: from the beginning
● Ex nunc: from now on
LEGAL STANDING – LAW, FACT or BOTH
Types of remedies
● Annulment or quashing
● By-passing flaws
● DE:
○ Verwaltungsverfahrensgesetz, §45 (1) and §46;
○ Verwaltungsgerichtsordnung, §114
● EU:
○ Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Article 263 (2)
● E&W:
○ Senior Courts Act 1981, Section 31;
○ Civil Procedure Rules, Rule 54.19
● FR:
○ Conseil d’État, 3 December 2003. Prefect of Seine-Maritime v El Bahi
● NL:
○ Algemene Wet Bestuursrecht, Articles 8:41a, 6:22 and 6:73(3);
○ Raad van State, 21 March 2012 X v Mayor and Aldermen of Helmond;
○ Algemene Wet Bestuursrecht, Articles 8:51a (1), 8:51b, 8:51c and 8:80a;
○ Raad van State 8 December 2010. X v Mayor and Aldermen of Leeuwarden
● Reparining flaws
● Substituting authorities decision with courts decision
● E&W: induction and declaration
○ Prohibiting order
, ○ Mandatory order
○ Prohibitory injunction
○ Mandatory injunction
○ Prerogative remedy
● FR:
○ Declaratory remedy
● US:
○ Ordinary private law remedies
○ Special public law remedies: ‘prerogative remedies’ & special statutory remedies
Bigami case for bureaucracies
● 3 types of accountability: judicial review, wider interests, wider public
GER = right-based approach (observe laws)
FR = interest-based (interest in taking legal action)
E&W = interest based (“sufficient” interest needed)
NL = more interest-based (interests of party concerns but more extensive than FR and E&W)
Judicial review
● Merits v. validity
○ For merits: Wednesbury unreasonable vs. Principle of proportionality
● Error of fact v. error of law
● Illegality
○ Procedural impropriety
Germany France E&W Netherlands EU & International law
● Ex tunc: from the beginning
● Ex nunc: from now on
LEGAL STANDING – LAW, FACT or BOTH
Types of remedies
● Annulment or quashing
● By-passing flaws
● DE:
○ Verwaltungsverfahrensgesetz, §45 (1) and §46;
○ Verwaltungsgerichtsordnung, §114
● EU:
○ Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Article 263 (2)
● E&W:
○ Senior Courts Act 1981, Section 31;
○ Civil Procedure Rules, Rule 54.19
● FR:
○ Conseil d’État, 3 December 2003. Prefect of Seine-Maritime v El Bahi
● NL:
○ Algemene Wet Bestuursrecht, Articles 8:41a, 6:22 and 6:73(3);
○ Raad van State, 21 March 2012 X v Mayor and Aldermen of Helmond;
○ Algemene Wet Bestuursrecht, Articles 8:51a (1), 8:51b, 8:51c and 8:80a;
○ Raad van State 8 December 2010. X v Mayor and Aldermen of Leeuwarden
● Reparining flaws
● Substituting authorities decision with courts decision
● E&W: induction and declaration
○ Prohibiting order
, ○ Mandatory order
○ Prohibitory injunction
○ Mandatory injunction
○ Prerogative remedy
● FR:
○ Declaratory remedy
● US:
○ Ordinary private law remedies
○ Special public law remedies: ‘prerogative remedies’ & special statutory remedies
Bigami case for bureaucracies
● 3 types of accountability: judicial review, wider interests, wider public
GER = right-based approach (observe laws)
FR = interest-based (interest in taking legal action)
E&W = interest based (“sufficient” interest needed)
NL = more interest-based (interests of party concerns but more extensive than FR and E&W)
Judicial review
● Merits v. validity
○ For merits: Wednesbury unreasonable vs. Principle of proportionality
● Error of fact v. error of law
● Illegality
○ Procedural impropriety
Germany France E&W Netherlands EU & International law
