REDUX Final Exam 2024/2025. Questions
and Correct Answers, With Complete
Solution.
What are the characteristics of severe anaphylaxis?
Rapid onset of hypotension, neurologic compromise, and respiratory distress
What can occur later if prompt treatment is not provided for severe anaphylaxis?
Cardiac arrest
What are the mild systemic reactions to systemi?
Cluster tingling, sensation of warmth, nasal congestion, periorbital swelling, pruritus, sneezing, tearing of
the eyes
What are the symptoms of moderate systemic reactions to systemi?
Bronchospasm, edema of the airways or larynx with dyspnea, cough, wheezing
Describe severe systemic reactions to systemi.
Abrupt onset, symptoms progress rapidly to bronchospasm, laryngeal edema, severe dyspnea, cyanosis,
hypotension; considered an emergent situation
How does a systemic reaction occur in systemi?
As a vector (bee sting) leading to signs/symptoms
What is the role of IgE antibodies in allergic reactions?
IgE antibodies take part in allergic and some hypersensitivity reactions.
Where does IgA appear and what is its function?
IgA appears in body fluids and protects against respiratory, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary infections.
What is the function of IgM antibodies?
IgM appears mostly in intravascular serum, is the first Ig produced in response to infections, and
activates the complement system.
What is the role of IgG antibodies in infections?
IgG assumes a major role in bloodborne and tissue infections, activates the complement system,
enhances phagocytosis, and crosses the placenta.
What is anaphylaxis?
,The most severe form of a hypersensitivity reaction characterized by edema in many tissues, laryngeal
edema, hypotension, bronchospasm, and cardiovascular collapse.
What is Type II hypersensitivity?
Occurs when the immune system mistakenly identifies a normal body constituent as foreign.
What is Type III hypersensitivity?
Involves immune complexes formed when antigens bind to antibodies, associated with diseases like
systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis.
What is Type IV hypersensitivity?
Also known as delayed-type or cellular hypersensitivity, occurring 24 to 72 hours after allergen exposure.
What is the mechanism of action of medications categorized as leukotriene antagonists or modifiers?
They block the synthesis or action of leukotrienes, preventing signs and symptoms associated with
asthma.
How does diphenhydramine work in the context of inflammation?
It prevents histamine's effect on smooth muscle.
What is the role of albuterol sulfate during an asthma attack?
It relaxes smooth muscle.
In what way does epinephrine affect bronchial smooth muscle?
It relaxes bronchial smooth muscle, but is not used on a preventative basis.
What should be done if a client has taken corticosteroids or antihistamines before a skin test?
Cancel the skin test and reschedule for a time when the client is not taking these medications.
How can skin test reactivity be affected by corticosteroids and antihistamines?
They suppress skin test reactivity.
What is the purpose of administering sodium valproate in the context of corticosteroid-induced mania?
To reverse corticosteroid-induced mania, not to reverse the effects of corticosteroids in general.
What is the risk associated with the injection?
The risk of systemic and potentially fatal anaphylaxis exists.
Why must the client remain in the office or clinic after the injection?
To be observed for possible systemic symptoms for at least 30 minutes.
How is therapeutic failure evident?
When a client does not experience a decrease in symptoms within 12 to 24 months.
, What precautions are taken before the treatment?
Epinephrine is not given prior to treatment and the IV route is not used.
What are the effects of histamine on bronchial smooth muscle?
Contraction, resulting in wheezing and bronchospasm
What does histamine do to small venules?
Dilation
How does histamine affect large blood vessels?
Constriction
What is the impact of histamine on gastric and mucosal cells?
Increase in secretion
What type of hypersensitivity is anaphylactic (type I) reaction?
Immediate reaction mediated by immunoglobulin E antibodies
What is required for an anaphylactic (type I) reaction to occur?
Previous exposure to the specific antigen
Which type of reaction are skin reactions more commonly associated with?
Type IV hypersensitivity
What type of reaction is myasthenia gravis thought to be?
Type II reaction
What medical condition puts clients at a high risk for developing a latex allergy?
Spina bifida
Why are clients with spina bifida at high risk for latex allergy?
Due to multiple surgeries, urinary catheterization procedures, and treatments involving latex products
What can cause the development of latex allergy in clients with spina bifida?
Repeated exposure to proteins and polypeptides in natural rubber latex
Which conditions make clients less likely than those with spina bifida to be exposed to latex?
Herpes simplex, HIV, or hypogammaglobulinemia
What is Stevens-Johnson syndrome?
A severe reaction commonly triggered by medication that can evolve into extensive epidermal necrosis
and become life-threatening.
and Correct Answers, With Complete
Solution.
What are the characteristics of severe anaphylaxis?
Rapid onset of hypotension, neurologic compromise, and respiratory distress
What can occur later if prompt treatment is not provided for severe anaphylaxis?
Cardiac arrest
What are the mild systemic reactions to systemi?
Cluster tingling, sensation of warmth, nasal congestion, periorbital swelling, pruritus, sneezing, tearing of
the eyes
What are the symptoms of moderate systemic reactions to systemi?
Bronchospasm, edema of the airways or larynx with dyspnea, cough, wheezing
Describe severe systemic reactions to systemi.
Abrupt onset, symptoms progress rapidly to bronchospasm, laryngeal edema, severe dyspnea, cyanosis,
hypotension; considered an emergent situation
How does a systemic reaction occur in systemi?
As a vector (bee sting) leading to signs/symptoms
What is the role of IgE antibodies in allergic reactions?
IgE antibodies take part in allergic and some hypersensitivity reactions.
Where does IgA appear and what is its function?
IgA appears in body fluids and protects against respiratory, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary infections.
What is the function of IgM antibodies?
IgM appears mostly in intravascular serum, is the first Ig produced in response to infections, and
activates the complement system.
What is the role of IgG antibodies in infections?
IgG assumes a major role in bloodborne and tissue infections, activates the complement system,
enhances phagocytosis, and crosses the placenta.
What is anaphylaxis?
,The most severe form of a hypersensitivity reaction characterized by edema in many tissues, laryngeal
edema, hypotension, bronchospasm, and cardiovascular collapse.
What is Type II hypersensitivity?
Occurs when the immune system mistakenly identifies a normal body constituent as foreign.
What is Type III hypersensitivity?
Involves immune complexes formed when antigens bind to antibodies, associated with diseases like
systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis.
What is Type IV hypersensitivity?
Also known as delayed-type or cellular hypersensitivity, occurring 24 to 72 hours after allergen exposure.
What is the mechanism of action of medications categorized as leukotriene antagonists or modifiers?
They block the synthesis or action of leukotrienes, preventing signs and symptoms associated with
asthma.
How does diphenhydramine work in the context of inflammation?
It prevents histamine's effect on smooth muscle.
What is the role of albuterol sulfate during an asthma attack?
It relaxes smooth muscle.
In what way does epinephrine affect bronchial smooth muscle?
It relaxes bronchial smooth muscle, but is not used on a preventative basis.
What should be done if a client has taken corticosteroids or antihistamines before a skin test?
Cancel the skin test and reschedule for a time when the client is not taking these medications.
How can skin test reactivity be affected by corticosteroids and antihistamines?
They suppress skin test reactivity.
What is the purpose of administering sodium valproate in the context of corticosteroid-induced mania?
To reverse corticosteroid-induced mania, not to reverse the effects of corticosteroids in general.
What is the risk associated with the injection?
The risk of systemic and potentially fatal anaphylaxis exists.
Why must the client remain in the office or clinic after the injection?
To be observed for possible systemic symptoms for at least 30 minutes.
How is therapeutic failure evident?
When a client does not experience a decrease in symptoms within 12 to 24 months.
, What precautions are taken before the treatment?
Epinephrine is not given prior to treatment and the IV route is not used.
What are the effects of histamine on bronchial smooth muscle?
Contraction, resulting in wheezing and bronchospasm
What does histamine do to small venules?
Dilation
How does histamine affect large blood vessels?
Constriction
What is the impact of histamine on gastric and mucosal cells?
Increase in secretion
What type of hypersensitivity is anaphylactic (type I) reaction?
Immediate reaction mediated by immunoglobulin E antibodies
What is required for an anaphylactic (type I) reaction to occur?
Previous exposure to the specific antigen
Which type of reaction are skin reactions more commonly associated with?
Type IV hypersensitivity
What type of reaction is myasthenia gravis thought to be?
Type II reaction
What medical condition puts clients at a high risk for developing a latex allergy?
Spina bifida
Why are clients with spina bifida at high risk for latex allergy?
Due to multiple surgeries, urinary catheterization procedures, and treatments involving latex products
What can cause the development of latex allergy in clients with spina bifida?
Repeated exposure to proteins and polypeptides in natural rubber latex
Which conditions make clients less likely than those with spina bifida to be exposed to latex?
Herpes simplex, HIV, or hypogammaglobulinemia
What is Stevens-Johnson syndrome?
A severe reaction commonly triggered by medication that can evolve into extensive epidermal necrosis
and become life-threatening.
