Reproduction in Lower & Higher Plants (Mr. Pravin Bhosale)
Reproduction is an essential process as it leads to continuation of species as well as to maintain the
continuity of life. Reproduction is of two types
i. Asexual reproduction
ii. Sexual reproduction
1.Asexual Reproduction :
• Does not involve fusion of two compatible gametes or sex cells.
• Production of genetically identical progeny from a single organism and inherits the genes of
the parent.
• Such morphologically and genetically identical individuals are called clones.
Different modes or ways of Asexual reproduction are:
a)Fragmentation b)Budding c)Spore formation
a)Fragmentation : Multicellular organisms can break into fragments.
e.g. Spirogyra. These fragments grow into new individuals
b)Budding :
1)Most common method of asexual
reproduction in unicellular Yeast.
2)Usually it takes place during favourable
conditions by producing one or more
outgrowths (buds).
3)These buds on separation develop into new
individual.
c)Spore Formation: In Chlamydomonas asexual
reproduction occurs by flagellated, motile
zoospores which can grow independently into
new individuals.
, Reproduction in Lower & Higher Plants (Mr. Pravin Bhosale)
OTHER METHODS OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION INCLUDE –
Binary fission which occurs in Amoeba, Paramoecium.
Conidia formation in Penicillium and
Gemmules formation in Sponges.
Vegetative Reproduction :
Plants reproduce asexually through their vegetative parts like Root,Stem and Leaves
Hence, the new plants formed are genetically identical to their parents.
There are also few methods which would not occur naturally in the plants.
Agriculture and Horticulture exploit vegetative reproduction in order to multiply fresh stocks of plants.
Artificial methods are used to propagate desired varieties according to human requirements.
The various Artificial methods are as follows :
a.CUTTING : The small piece of any vegetative part of a plant having one or more buds is used for
propagation
Stem cutting - e.g. Rose , Bougainvillea;
Leaf cutting - e.g. Sansevieria;
Root cutting e.g. Blackberry.
, Reproduction in Lower & Higher Plants (Mr. Pravin Bhosale)
b. GRAFTING : Here parts of two plants are which only one bud is joined on the stock,
joined in such a way that they grow as one
plant.
In this method, part of the stem containing
more than one bud (Scion) is joined onto a
rooted plant called stock, is called grafting.
Whereas budding is also called bud grafting in
e.g. Apple, Pear, Rose, etc.
c.Tissue culture : It is a method by which a small amount of plant tissue is carefully grown to give many
plant lets. Micropropagation method is also used now a days.
Sexual Reproduction :
It involves fusion of two compatible gametes or sex cells.
All organisms reach to the maturity in their life before they can reproduce sexually.
In plants, the end of juvenile or vegetative phase marks the begining of the reproductive phase and can
be seen easily in the higher plants at the time of flowering.
The flower is specialized reproductive structure of a plant in which sexual reproduction takes place.
The function of flower is
-to produce haploid gametes and
-to ensure that fertilization will take place.
Typical flower consists of four different whorls viz. Calyx, Corolla, Androecium and Gynoecium.
Sexual reproduction involves two major events viz.
-meiosis and fusion of gametes to form diploid zygote and
-the production of genetically dissimilar offsprings.
Reproduction is an essential process as it leads to continuation of species as well as to maintain the
continuity of life. Reproduction is of two types
i. Asexual reproduction
ii. Sexual reproduction
1.Asexual Reproduction :
• Does not involve fusion of two compatible gametes or sex cells.
• Production of genetically identical progeny from a single organism and inherits the genes of
the parent.
• Such morphologically and genetically identical individuals are called clones.
Different modes or ways of Asexual reproduction are:
a)Fragmentation b)Budding c)Spore formation
a)Fragmentation : Multicellular organisms can break into fragments.
e.g. Spirogyra. These fragments grow into new individuals
b)Budding :
1)Most common method of asexual
reproduction in unicellular Yeast.
2)Usually it takes place during favourable
conditions by producing one or more
outgrowths (buds).
3)These buds on separation develop into new
individual.
c)Spore Formation: In Chlamydomonas asexual
reproduction occurs by flagellated, motile
zoospores which can grow independently into
new individuals.
, Reproduction in Lower & Higher Plants (Mr. Pravin Bhosale)
OTHER METHODS OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION INCLUDE –
Binary fission which occurs in Amoeba, Paramoecium.
Conidia formation in Penicillium and
Gemmules formation in Sponges.
Vegetative Reproduction :
Plants reproduce asexually through their vegetative parts like Root,Stem and Leaves
Hence, the new plants formed are genetically identical to their parents.
There are also few methods which would not occur naturally in the plants.
Agriculture and Horticulture exploit vegetative reproduction in order to multiply fresh stocks of plants.
Artificial methods are used to propagate desired varieties according to human requirements.
The various Artificial methods are as follows :
a.CUTTING : The small piece of any vegetative part of a plant having one or more buds is used for
propagation
Stem cutting - e.g. Rose , Bougainvillea;
Leaf cutting - e.g. Sansevieria;
Root cutting e.g. Blackberry.
, Reproduction in Lower & Higher Plants (Mr. Pravin Bhosale)
b. GRAFTING : Here parts of two plants are which only one bud is joined on the stock,
joined in such a way that they grow as one
plant.
In this method, part of the stem containing
more than one bud (Scion) is joined onto a
rooted plant called stock, is called grafting.
Whereas budding is also called bud grafting in
e.g. Apple, Pear, Rose, etc.
c.Tissue culture : It is a method by which a small amount of plant tissue is carefully grown to give many
plant lets. Micropropagation method is also used now a days.
Sexual Reproduction :
It involves fusion of two compatible gametes or sex cells.
All organisms reach to the maturity in their life before they can reproduce sexually.
In plants, the end of juvenile or vegetative phase marks the begining of the reproductive phase and can
be seen easily in the higher plants at the time of flowering.
The flower is specialized reproductive structure of a plant in which sexual reproduction takes place.
The function of flower is
-to produce haploid gametes and
-to ensure that fertilization will take place.
Typical flower consists of four different whorls viz. Calyx, Corolla, Androecium and Gynoecium.
Sexual reproduction involves two major events viz.
-meiosis and fusion of gametes to form diploid zygote and
-the production of genetically dissimilar offsprings.
