Legal Studies NCERT Class 12
Includes:
● Comprehensive questions for all chapters
● Important defintions
Unit 1: Judiciary
Questions
1. The Supreme Court of India came into being on _____. What did it replace?
2. India consists of __ High Courts. Name the first four high courts and the newest high
courts.
3. Describe the structure of the courts below the high courts.
4. Differentiate between common and civil law.
5. Differentiate between adversarial and inquisitorial systems of adjudication.
6. The ____ is the first legal officer of the country.
7. Who was the first Attorney General of India?
8. What is the right of audience given to the Attorney General?
9. Differentiate between Attorney General and Advocate General.
10. What are the reasons behind granting independence to the judiciary?
11. How has the independence of the judiciary empowered Indian citizens?
12. Write a note on the different roles of the judiciary in India.
13. PIL is also called J____.
14. What are the characteristics of PILs?
15. ____ are usually courts of the first instance.
16. The District Courts have not set territorial and pecuniary limits when accepting cases
of civil nature. T or F?
17. How is the independence of the judiciary ensured?
18. Under what conditions would the industries closed down by the Court in the Ganges
Pollution cases be allowed to reopen?
19. The Supreme Court delivered a landmark judgement on vehicular pollution in ____.
,20. What kind of orders has been passed regarding vehicular pollution?
21. What was the result of the Oleum Gas Leak case?
22. What does ‘suo moto’ action imply?
23. Give examples of cases where the Court has taken up issues suo moto.
24. Who is entitled to get free legal aid from the Supreme Court Legal Aid Committee?
25. What does amicus curiae mean?
26. Differentiate between the process of appointing the High Court and Supreme Court
judges.
27. Describe the functioning of the collegium system.
28. What are some historical issues regarding the appointment of judges?
29. The age of retirement of District Court judges is determined by _______.
30. What is the rationale behind suggesting the increase in retirement age of judges in
India? What would be the positive consequences?
31. Explain the process of removal of judges. Has it ever been successful?
32. How are judges at the district level removed?
33. What are tribunals? How were they constituted?
34. How do Article 323 A and 323 B differ?
35. What did Articles 323-A and 323-B empower the Parliament to do?
36. Explain: the 42nd amendment ushered in the era of tribunalisation of the Indian
judiciary.
37. Flexibility of the tribunals is a hindrance. T or F?
38. Which case had a decision related to the replacement of courts by tribunals?
39. What does the tribunal consist of? Where are the members drawn from?
40. Why is judicial review one of the essential features of the Indian Constitution?
41. Which article did B.R. Ambedkar call the heart of the Constitution?
42. Outline the evolution of the basic structure doctrine with reference to the cases
involved.
43. How have courts dealt with questions of secrecy and related inefficiency?
,Definitions
1. Bench: a group of judges sitting together on a legal matter in the Court.
2. Tribunals: semi-judicial bodies involved in dispute resolution which may consist of
administrative officers or judges without a legal background. Yet they function in
their judicial capacity and hear relevant legal matters and settle claims between the
parties.
3. Due process of law: the State must respect all the legal rights that are owed to a
person and confirm to the norms of fairness, liberty, fundamental rights etc.
4. Judicial review: a principle or a legal doctrine or a practice whereby a court can
examine or review an executive or a legislative act, such as law or some other
governmental or administrative decision, and determine if the act is incompatible with
the constitution.
5. Locus standi: right to appear before or petition the court.
6. Audi alteram partem: ‘Listen to the other side.’ An established principle in Indian law.
, Unit 2: Alternative Dispute Resolution
Questions
1. Differentiate between adversarial and inquisitorial systems.
2. The judge can decide on the presentation of a specific form of evidence in the
inquisitorial system. T or F?
3. Inquisitorial system is also called ___ and ___.
4. Cross-examination has a smaller role in an adversarial system. T or F?
5. Name the countries adopting adversarial and inquisitorial systems.
6. State the advantages and disadvantages of the adversarial and inquisitorial systems.
7. What are the benefits of alternative dispute resolution?
8. What law court problems have supported the rise of ADR?
9. Define the different types of ADR.
10. Explain the process of arbitration.
11. Arbitration is especially popular in ___ disputes. Why?
12. What are the similarities between an arbitral award and a judgement? What is the
difference between arbitrators and judges?
13. Explain the different types of arbitration.
14. Give examples of institutions of arbitration.
15. Write a note on the overview of the laws on arbitration.
16. What are the grounds for setting aside an arbitral award?
17. Mediation is premised on the ____ of the parties.
18. Mediation is the least formal type of ADR. T or F?
19. What is a difference between mediation and arbitration?
20. Describe the various forms of mediation.
21. Mediation with arbitration is more appropriate in which matters? State some problems
of this type.
22. Explain the process of mediation.
23. How can mediation be triggered?
24. Which case has defined the ambit of mediation?
25. Differentiate between conciliation and mediation.
Includes:
● Comprehensive questions for all chapters
● Important defintions
Unit 1: Judiciary
Questions
1. The Supreme Court of India came into being on _____. What did it replace?
2. India consists of __ High Courts. Name the first four high courts and the newest high
courts.
3. Describe the structure of the courts below the high courts.
4. Differentiate between common and civil law.
5. Differentiate between adversarial and inquisitorial systems of adjudication.
6. The ____ is the first legal officer of the country.
7. Who was the first Attorney General of India?
8. What is the right of audience given to the Attorney General?
9. Differentiate between Attorney General and Advocate General.
10. What are the reasons behind granting independence to the judiciary?
11. How has the independence of the judiciary empowered Indian citizens?
12. Write a note on the different roles of the judiciary in India.
13. PIL is also called J____.
14. What are the characteristics of PILs?
15. ____ are usually courts of the first instance.
16. The District Courts have not set territorial and pecuniary limits when accepting cases
of civil nature. T or F?
17. How is the independence of the judiciary ensured?
18. Under what conditions would the industries closed down by the Court in the Ganges
Pollution cases be allowed to reopen?
19. The Supreme Court delivered a landmark judgement on vehicular pollution in ____.
,20. What kind of orders has been passed regarding vehicular pollution?
21. What was the result of the Oleum Gas Leak case?
22. What does ‘suo moto’ action imply?
23. Give examples of cases where the Court has taken up issues suo moto.
24. Who is entitled to get free legal aid from the Supreme Court Legal Aid Committee?
25. What does amicus curiae mean?
26. Differentiate between the process of appointing the High Court and Supreme Court
judges.
27. Describe the functioning of the collegium system.
28. What are some historical issues regarding the appointment of judges?
29. The age of retirement of District Court judges is determined by _______.
30. What is the rationale behind suggesting the increase in retirement age of judges in
India? What would be the positive consequences?
31. Explain the process of removal of judges. Has it ever been successful?
32. How are judges at the district level removed?
33. What are tribunals? How were they constituted?
34. How do Article 323 A and 323 B differ?
35. What did Articles 323-A and 323-B empower the Parliament to do?
36. Explain: the 42nd amendment ushered in the era of tribunalisation of the Indian
judiciary.
37. Flexibility of the tribunals is a hindrance. T or F?
38. Which case had a decision related to the replacement of courts by tribunals?
39. What does the tribunal consist of? Where are the members drawn from?
40. Why is judicial review one of the essential features of the Indian Constitution?
41. Which article did B.R. Ambedkar call the heart of the Constitution?
42. Outline the evolution of the basic structure doctrine with reference to the cases
involved.
43. How have courts dealt with questions of secrecy and related inefficiency?
,Definitions
1. Bench: a group of judges sitting together on a legal matter in the Court.
2. Tribunals: semi-judicial bodies involved in dispute resolution which may consist of
administrative officers or judges without a legal background. Yet they function in
their judicial capacity and hear relevant legal matters and settle claims between the
parties.
3. Due process of law: the State must respect all the legal rights that are owed to a
person and confirm to the norms of fairness, liberty, fundamental rights etc.
4. Judicial review: a principle or a legal doctrine or a practice whereby a court can
examine or review an executive or a legislative act, such as law or some other
governmental or administrative decision, and determine if the act is incompatible with
the constitution.
5. Locus standi: right to appear before or petition the court.
6. Audi alteram partem: ‘Listen to the other side.’ An established principle in Indian law.
, Unit 2: Alternative Dispute Resolution
Questions
1. Differentiate between adversarial and inquisitorial systems.
2. The judge can decide on the presentation of a specific form of evidence in the
inquisitorial system. T or F?
3. Inquisitorial system is also called ___ and ___.
4. Cross-examination has a smaller role in an adversarial system. T or F?
5. Name the countries adopting adversarial and inquisitorial systems.
6. State the advantages and disadvantages of the adversarial and inquisitorial systems.
7. What are the benefits of alternative dispute resolution?
8. What law court problems have supported the rise of ADR?
9. Define the different types of ADR.
10. Explain the process of arbitration.
11. Arbitration is especially popular in ___ disputes. Why?
12. What are the similarities between an arbitral award and a judgement? What is the
difference between arbitrators and judges?
13. Explain the different types of arbitration.
14. Give examples of institutions of arbitration.
15. Write a note on the overview of the laws on arbitration.
16. What are the grounds for setting aside an arbitral award?
17. Mediation is premised on the ____ of the parties.
18. Mediation is the least formal type of ADR. T or F?
19. What is a difference between mediation and arbitration?
20. Describe the various forms of mediation.
21. Mediation with arbitration is more appropriate in which matters? State some problems
of this type.
22. Explain the process of mediation.
23. How can mediation be triggered?
24. Which case has defined the ambit of mediation?
25. Differentiate between conciliation and mediation.
