,Table of Contents
1. Cover
2. Title Page
3. Copyright
4. Dedication
5. Authors' Biographies
6. Preface
7. Acknowledgments
8. Abbreviations and Acronyms
9. Chapter 1: LTE Network Architecture and Protocols
1. 1.1 Evolution of 3GPP Standards
2. 1.2 Radio Interface Techniques in 3GPP Systems
3. 1.3 Radio Access Mode Operations
4. 1.4 Spectrum Allocation in UMTS and LTE
5. 1.5 LTE Network Architecture
6. 1.6 EPS Interfaces
7. 1.7 EPS Protocols and Planes
8. 1.8 EPS Procedures Overview
9. References
10. Chapter 2: LTE Air Interface and Procedures
1. 2.1 LTE Protocol Stack
2. 2.2 SDU and PDU
3. 2.3 LTE Radio Resource Control (RRC)
4. 2.4 LTE Packet Data Convergence Protocol Layer (PDCP)
5. 2.5 LTE Radio Link Control (RLC)
6. 2.6 LTE Medium Access Control (MAC)
7. 2.7 LTE Physical Layer (PHY)
8. 2.8 Channel Mapping of Protocol Layers
9. 2.9 LTE Air Interface
10. 2.10 Data Flow Illustration Across the Protocol Layers
11. 2.11 LTE Air Interface Procedures
12. References
11. Chapter 3: Analysis and Optimization of LTE System Performance
1. 3.1 Deployment Optimization Processes
2. 3.2 LTE Performance Analysis Based on Field Measurements
3. 3.3 LTE Case Studies and Troubleshooting
4. 3.4 LTE Inter-RAT Cell Reselection
5. 3.5 Inter-RAT Cell Reselection Optimization Considerations
6. 3.6 LTE to LTE Inter-Frequency Cell Reselection
7. 3.7 LTE Inter-RAT and Inter-frequency Handover
8. References
12. Chapter 4: Performance Analysis and Optimization of LTE Key Features: C-DRX, CSFB,
and MIMO
1. 4.1 LTE Connected Mode Discontinuous Reception (C-DRX)
, 2. 4.2 Circuit Switch Fallback (CSFB) for LTE Voice Calls
3. 4.3 Multiple-Input, Multiple-Output (MIMO) Techniques
4. References
13. Chapter 5: Deployment Strategy of LTE Network
1. 5.1 Summary and Objective
2. 5.2 LTE Network Topology
3. 5.4 IPSec Gateway (IPSec GW)
4. 5.5 EPC Deployment and Evolution Strategy
5. 5.6 Access Network Domain
6. 5.7 Spectrum Options and Guard Band
7. 5.8 LTE Business Case and Financial Analysis
8. 5.9 Case Study: Inter-Operator Deployment Scenario
9. References
14. Chapter 6: Coverage and Capacity Planning of 4G Networks
1. 6.1 Summary and Objectives
2. 6.2 LTE Network Planning and Rollout Phases
3. 6.3 LTE System Foundation
4. 6.4 PCI and TA Planning
5. 6.5 PRACH Planning
6. 6.6 Coverage Planning
7. 6.7 LTE Throughput and Capacity Analysis
8. 6.8 Case Study: LTE FDD versus LTE TDD
9. References
15. Chapter 7: Voice Evolution in 4G Networks
1. 7.1 Voice over IP Basics
2. 7.2 Voice Options for LTE
3. 7.3 IMS Single Radio Voice Call Continuity (SRVCC)
4. 7.4 Key VoLTE Features
5. 7.5 Deployment Considerations for VoLTE
6. References
16. Chapter 8: 4G Advanced Features and Roadmap Evolutions from LTE to LTE-A
1. 8.1 Performance Comparison between LTE's UE Category 3 and 4
2. 8.2 Carrier Aggregation
3. 8.3 Enhanced MIMO
4. 8.4 Heterogeneous Network (HetNet) and Small Cells
5. 8.5 Inter-Cell Interference Coordination (ICIC)
6. 8.6 Coordinated Multi-Point Transmission and Reception
7. 8.7 Self-Organizing, Self-Optimizing Networks (SON)
8. 8.8 LTE-A Relays and Home eNodeBs (HeNB)
9. 8.9 UE Positioning and Location-Based Services in LTE
10. References
17. Index
18. End User License Agreement
, Chapter 1
LTE Network Architecture and Protocols
Ayman Elnashar and Mohamed A. El-saidny
Cellular mobile networks have been evolving for many years. The initial networks are referred to
as First Generation, or 1G systems. The 1G mobile system was designed to utilize analog. It
included the AMPS (advanced mobile phone system). The Second Generation, 2G mobile systems,
were introduced utilizing digital multiple access technology; TDMA (time division multiple access)
and CDMA (code division multiple access). The main 2G networks were GSM (global system for
mobile communications) and CDMA, also known as cdmaOne or IS-95 (Interim Standard 95).
The GSM system still has worldwide support and is available for deployment on several frequency
bands, such as 900, 1800, 850, and 1900 MHz. CDMA systems in 2G networks use a spread
spectrum technique and utilize a mixture of codes and timing to identify cells and channels. In
addition to being digital, as well as improving capacity and security, the 2G systems also offer
enhanced services, such as SMS (short message service) and circuit switched (CS) data. Different
variations of the 2G technology evolved later to extend the support of efficient packet data services,
and to increase the data rates. GPRS (general packet radio system) and EDGE (enhanced data rates
for global evolution) systems have been the evolution path of GSM. The theoretical data rate of
473.6 kbps enabled the operators to offer multimedia services efficiently. Since it does not comply
with all the features of a 3G system, EDGE is usually categorized as 2.75G.
3G (Third Generation) systems are defined by IMT2000 (International Mobile
Telecommunications). IMT2000 defines that a 3G system should provide higher transmission rates
in the range of 2 Mbps for stationary use and 348 kbps in mobile conditions. The main 3G
technologies are:
WCDMA (wideband code division multiple access)—This was developed by the 3GPP (Third
Generation Partnership Project). WCDMA is the air interface of the 3G UMTS (universal mobile
telecommunications system). The UMTS system has been deployed based on the existing GSM
communication core network (CN) but with a totally new radio access technology (RAT) in the
form of WCDMA. Its radio access is based on FDD (frequency division duplex). Current
deployments are mainly at 2.1 GHz bands. Deployments at lower frequencies are also possible,
such as UMTS900. UMTS supports voice and multimedia services.
TD-CDMA (time division multiple access)—This is typically referred to as UMTS TDD (time
division duplex) and is part of the UMTS specifications. The system utilizes a combination of
CDMA and TDMA to enable efficient allocation of resources.
TD-SCDMA (time division synchronous code division multiple access)—This has links to the
UMTS specifications and is often identified as UMTS-TDD low chip rate. Like TD-CDMA, it is
also best suited to low mobility scenarios in microcells or picocells.
CDMA2000—This is a multi-carrier technology standard which uses CDMA. It is part of the
3GPP2 standardization body. CDMA2000 is a set of standards including CDMA2000 EV-DO
(evolution-data optimized) which has various revisions. It is backward compatible with cdmaOne.
WiMAX (worldwide interoperability for microwave access)—This is another wireless
technology which satisfies IMT2000 3G requirements. The air interface is part of the IEEE
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) 802.16 standard which originally defined PTP
1. Cover
2. Title Page
3. Copyright
4. Dedication
5. Authors' Biographies
6. Preface
7. Acknowledgments
8. Abbreviations and Acronyms
9. Chapter 1: LTE Network Architecture and Protocols
1. 1.1 Evolution of 3GPP Standards
2. 1.2 Radio Interface Techniques in 3GPP Systems
3. 1.3 Radio Access Mode Operations
4. 1.4 Spectrum Allocation in UMTS and LTE
5. 1.5 LTE Network Architecture
6. 1.6 EPS Interfaces
7. 1.7 EPS Protocols and Planes
8. 1.8 EPS Procedures Overview
9. References
10. Chapter 2: LTE Air Interface and Procedures
1. 2.1 LTE Protocol Stack
2. 2.2 SDU and PDU
3. 2.3 LTE Radio Resource Control (RRC)
4. 2.4 LTE Packet Data Convergence Protocol Layer (PDCP)
5. 2.5 LTE Radio Link Control (RLC)
6. 2.6 LTE Medium Access Control (MAC)
7. 2.7 LTE Physical Layer (PHY)
8. 2.8 Channel Mapping of Protocol Layers
9. 2.9 LTE Air Interface
10. 2.10 Data Flow Illustration Across the Protocol Layers
11. 2.11 LTE Air Interface Procedures
12. References
11. Chapter 3: Analysis and Optimization of LTE System Performance
1. 3.1 Deployment Optimization Processes
2. 3.2 LTE Performance Analysis Based on Field Measurements
3. 3.3 LTE Case Studies and Troubleshooting
4. 3.4 LTE Inter-RAT Cell Reselection
5. 3.5 Inter-RAT Cell Reselection Optimization Considerations
6. 3.6 LTE to LTE Inter-Frequency Cell Reselection
7. 3.7 LTE Inter-RAT and Inter-frequency Handover
8. References
12. Chapter 4: Performance Analysis and Optimization of LTE Key Features: C-DRX, CSFB,
and MIMO
1. 4.1 LTE Connected Mode Discontinuous Reception (C-DRX)
, 2. 4.2 Circuit Switch Fallback (CSFB) for LTE Voice Calls
3. 4.3 Multiple-Input, Multiple-Output (MIMO) Techniques
4. References
13. Chapter 5: Deployment Strategy of LTE Network
1. 5.1 Summary and Objective
2. 5.2 LTE Network Topology
3. 5.4 IPSec Gateway (IPSec GW)
4. 5.5 EPC Deployment and Evolution Strategy
5. 5.6 Access Network Domain
6. 5.7 Spectrum Options and Guard Band
7. 5.8 LTE Business Case and Financial Analysis
8. 5.9 Case Study: Inter-Operator Deployment Scenario
9. References
14. Chapter 6: Coverage and Capacity Planning of 4G Networks
1. 6.1 Summary and Objectives
2. 6.2 LTE Network Planning and Rollout Phases
3. 6.3 LTE System Foundation
4. 6.4 PCI and TA Planning
5. 6.5 PRACH Planning
6. 6.6 Coverage Planning
7. 6.7 LTE Throughput and Capacity Analysis
8. 6.8 Case Study: LTE FDD versus LTE TDD
9. References
15. Chapter 7: Voice Evolution in 4G Networks
1. 7.1 Voice over IP Basics
2. 7.2 Voice Options for LTE
3. 7.3 IMS Single Radio Voice Call Continuity (SRVCC)
4. 7.4 Key VoLTE Features
5. 7.5 Deployment Considerations for VoLTE
6. References
16. Chapter 8: 4G Advanced Features and Roadmap Evolutions from LTE to LTE-A
1. 8.1 Performance Comparison between LTE's UE Category 3 and 4
2. 8.2 Carrier Aggregation
3. 8.3 Enhanced MIMO
4. 8.4 Heterogeneous Network (HetNet) and Small Cells
5. 8.5 Inter-Cell Interference Coordination (ICIC)
6. 8.6 Coordinated Multi-Point Transmission and Reception
7. 8.7 Self-Organizing, Self-Optimizing Networks (SON)
8. 8.8 LTE-A Relays and Home eNodeBs (HeNB)
9. 8.9 UE Positioning and Location-Based Services in LTE
10. References
17. Index
18. End User License Agreement
, Chapter 1
LTE Network Architecture and Protocols
Ayman Elnashar and Mohamed A. El-saidny
Cellular mobile networks have been evolving for many years. The initial networks are referred to
as First Generation, or 1G systems. The 1G mobile system was designed to utilize analog. It
included the AMPS (advanced mobile phone system). The Second Generation, 2G mobile systems,
were introduced utilizing digital multiple access technology; TDMA (time division multiple access)
and CDMA (code division multiple access). The main 2G networks were GSM (global system for
mobile communications) and CDMA, also known as cdmaOne or IS-95 (Interim Standard 95).
The GSM system still has worldwide support and is available for deployment on several frequency
bands, such as 900, 1800, 850, and 1900 MHz. CDMA systems in 2G networks use a spread
spectrum technique and utilize a mixture of codes and timing to identify cells and channels. In
addition to being digital, as well as improving capacity and security, the 2G systems also offer
enhanced services, such as SMS (short message service) and circuit switched (CS) data. Different
variations of the 2G technology evolved later to extend the support of efficient packet data services,
and to increase the data rates. GPRS (general packet radio system) and EDGE (enhanced data rates
for global evolution) systems have been the evolution path of GSM. The theoretical data rate of
473.6 kbps enabled the operators to offer multimedia services efficiently. Since it does not comply
with all the features of a 3G system, EDGE is usually categorized as 2.75G.
3G (Third Generation) systems are defined by IMT2000 (International Mobile
Telecommunications). IMT2000 defines that a 3G system should provide higher transmission rates
in the range of 2 Mbps for stationary use and 348 kbps in mobile conditions. The main 3G
technologies are:
WCDMA (wideband code division multiple access)—This was developed by the 3GPP (Third
Generation Partnership Project). WCDMA is the air interface of the 3G UMTS (universal mobile
telecommunications system). The UMTS system has been deployed based on the existing GSM
communication core network (CN) but with a totally new radio access technology (RAT) in the
form of WCDMA. Its radio access is based on FDD (frequency division duplex). Current
deployments are mainly at 2.1 GHz bands. Deployments at lower frequencies are also possible,
such as UMTS900. UMTS supports voice and multimedia services.
TD-CDMA (time division multiple access)—This is typically referred to as UMTS TDD (time
division duplex) and is part of the UMTS specifications. The system utilizes a combination of
CDMA and TDMA to enable efficient allocation of resources.
TD-SCDMA (time division synchronous code division multiple access)—This has links to the
UMTS specifications and is often identified as UMTS-TDD low chip rate. Like TD-CDMA, it is
also best suited to low mobility scenarios in microcells or picocells.
CDMA2000—This is a multi-carrier technology standard which uses CDMA. It is part of the
3GPP2 standardization body. CDMA2000 is a set of standards including CDMA2000 EV-DO
(evolution-data optimized) which has various revisions. It is backward compatible with cdmaOne.
WiMAX (worldwide interoperability for microwave access)—This is another wireless
technology which satisfies IMT2000 3G requirements. The air interface is part of the IEEE
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) 802.16 standard which originally defined PTP
