GENERAL CONCEPTS STEP 6: DISSEMINATING AND UTILIZING THE FINDINGS
RESEARCH is a systematic inquiry that explains or describes a ● Modern day research scientist - present their research
phenomena, predicts an outcome, and poses questions for findings in research conferences; others publish them
future studies. in reputable scientific journals
❖ Systematic being that it follows a step-by-step process
and; ETHICS OF RESEARCH
❖ Inquiry meaning that it begins with a problem or At the core of a research undertaking lie ethical
question. considerations. One of the very important considerations of
The purpose of research is to preserve and improve the quality qualitative research is ensuring that the informants are not
of life. harmed in any way possible.
MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH 1. SCIENTIFIC SOUNDNESS
1) EMPIRICAL - based on direct experience or observation ❖ Once crucial consideration in conducting qualitative
by the researcher. research is the extent of tangible benefits that the
2) LOGICAL - based on valid procedures & principles; it investigation could produce.
also practices validity and reliability. ❖ The research objectives can be so hard to achieve
3) CYCLICAL - research is a cyclical process because it when the researcher does not possess sufficient
starts with a problem and ends with a problem background and skills required.
4) ANALYTICAL - research utilizes proven analytical ❖ Hence, an inexperienced person in research is usually
procedures in gathering the data, whether historical, advised to seek clear guidance and constant
descriptive, and experimental and case study. supervision from experts
5) CRITICAL - research exhibits careful and precise
judgments 2. CONSENT
6) METHODICAL - research is conducted in a methodical ❖ Before the research starts, an informed consent
manner without bias using systematic methods and should be obtained from each participant
procedures. ❖ Informed consent is used if the approval from adult
7) REPLICABILITY - the research designs and procedures participants is sought while informed assent is sought
are replicated or repeated to enable the researcher to from participants who have not yet reached the legal
arrive at valid and conclusive results. age or very young to give consent but old enough to
understand the risks and benefits.
❖ The participants should be clarified about the following:
RESEARCH AS A PROCESS
➢ Types of question
STEP 1: DEFINING A RESEARCH PROBLEM ➢ Purpose of the study
● Research Problem is also called “RESEARCH
➢ Potential risks and benefits
TOPIC” ➢ Method of anonymity
● Traditional Researchers utilize: SMART (Specific,
Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, and Time-bound) 3. INFORMANT VALIDATION
● Contemporary Researchers: added a certain criteria
❖ A validation of qualitative data should be done with the
for defining a research problem. participants
❖ Remember that it is so unethical to report a particular
STEP 2: DEVELOPING A RESEARCH PLAN statement which is not actually expressed by any of
● Researchers have to lay out a plan.
the research informants
● Some essentials include the specific research aim,
background and significance, related readings and
4. CONFIDENTIALITY
research designs and methods. ● Retaining anonymity than revealing full identification of
the participants should be dealt with utmost care
STEP 3: COLLECTING RESEARCH DATA
● One of the important steps in conducting a scientific
5. EXPLOITATION
inquiry is data collection (new data) ❖ Being exploited in the conduct of a research is usually
● It can be carried out using an approach called
attributed to the research participants
methodological triangulation ❖ This happens when the researcher gets along with
● This technique considers three usual activities;
them just to gain favor.
observation, interview, & document analysis
6. MISREPRESENTATION
STEP 4: ANALYZING RESEARCH DATA ❖ Participants' narratives as presented in the research
● This step is carried out when all necessary research
report should be assured
data are intact and ready for analysis ❖ Statements that would seem faulty to largely provoke
● Here the researcher carefully analyzes the textual data
mistrust on the part of the informants
by determining significant statements from the texts.
STEP 5: PRESENTING THE FINDINGS
7. IDENTIFICATION OF THE PARTICIPANT BY SELF OR
● Checking the accuracy and completeness of the OTHERS
research data is an essential task before writing and
❖ Researcher must mind the method of anonymizing the
revising the contents of the research paper; otherwise, identity of the participants
the presentation of data would appear insufficient, and
❖ Whether the concerned are willing to divulge their
yes, even questionable identity or not, the researcher should responsibly
handle the data with maximum care.
, SCIENCE Health Benefits Effects of Mobile
QUALITATIVE VS. QUANTITATIVE about the Use of Phone Radiation on
Mobile Phones: A Brain Activities
QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE
Qualitative Study
Purpose To describe and To test hypothesis BUSINESS Exploring the Relationship
understand social establish, casual Behavior Associated Between Sales and
phenomena and relationship, make with Business the Emotional
interactions among predictions, and Success and Quotient of Sales
people generalized from Business Failure Representative
findings
AGRICULTURE A Qualitative Study Effects of Natural
Sample size Small sample size Larger sample size AND FISHERIES of Agricultural Fertilizer on the
required
Literacy in Rural Productivity of Fruit-
Youth Bearing Trees
Sampling Purposive sampling Random sampling
method
ICT Adoption of Online Effects of Online
Relationships Less Formal Formal Date Management Data Management
with the of Government on Government
participants Agencies in the Efficiency
Philippines:
Data needed Verbal information, Statistical Challenges and
images, and artifacts information and Opportunities
(text-based) numbers (number-
based) SOCIAL Challenges in Effects of 4P’s on
INQUIRY Implementing 4P’s the Dropout Rate in
Data Interview, Tests, experiments, Public Schools in
collection observation, pretest-posttest, and Metro Manila
document analysis any other method
that requires precise
measurements QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Data analysis Content analysis and Statistical data ➢ Is a form of social inquiry that focuses on the way
coding people interpret and make sense of their experiences
and the world in which they live. The basis of
Generalizability Low generalizability High generalizability
qualitative research lies in the interpretative approach
Scientific to social reality. (Holloway, 1997, p.2)
Inductive reasoning Deductive reasoning
method ➢ Also called the naturalistic inquiry, developed within
the social and human sciences, and refers to the
Research Typically in natural Typically and theories of interpretation and human experience.
setting setting controlled setting (Malterud, 2002, p. 398)
Reporting Typical in narrative Statistical reporting
with description of CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
context and A. DESIGN
examples from the 1. Naturalistic - refers to studying real world situations as
participants they unfold naturally; non manipulative and non
response controlling; the researcher is open to whatever emerges.
2. Emergent - acceptance of adapting inquiry as
Goal Develops theory Proves theory
understanding deepens and/or situations change; the
researcher avoids rigid designs that eliminate
EXAMPLES OF QUALITATIVE VS. QUANTITATIVE responding to opportunities to pursue new paths of
discovery as they emerge
QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE 3. Purposeful - cases for study like people, organizations,
communities, cultures, events are selected because
ARTS Meaning of Pop Relationship
they are "information rich" and illuminative. That is, they
Music in the Lives of Between Exposure
Senior Citizens: A to Music and Life offer useful manifestations of the phenomenon of
Qualitative Study Expectancy interest; sampling is aimed at insight about the
phenomenon, not empirical generalization derived from
HUMANITIES Domestic Abuse Assessing the Level a sample and applied to a population.
Experiences of of Domestic Abuse
Filipino Women among FIlipino B. THE COLLECTION OF DATA
Women 1. Data - Observations yield a detailed, "thick
description"; interviews capture direct quotations about
SPORTS Understanding the Level of Participation
people's personal perspectives and lived experiences;
Attitudes of Students of Introverts in Team
toward UAAP Sports often derived from carefully conducted case studies
Basketball and review of material culture.
Competitions 2. Personal Experience and Engagement - The
researcher has direct contact with and gets close to
| Page 2
RESEARCH is a systematic inquiry that explains or describes a ● Modern day research scientist - present their research
phenomena, predicts an outcome, and poses questions for findings in research conferences; others publish them
future studies. in reputable scientific journals
❖ Systematic being that it follows a step-by-step process
and; ETHICS OF RESEARCH
❖ Inquiry meaning that it begins with a problem or At the core of a research undertaking lie ethical
question. considerations. One of the very important considerations of
The purpose of research is to preserve and improve the quality qualitative research is ensuring that the informants are not
of life. harmed in any way possible.
MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH 1. SCIENTIFIC SOUNDNESS
1) EMPIRICAL - based on direct experience or observation ❖ Once crucial consideration in conducting qualitative
by the researcher. research is the extent of tangible benefits that the
2) LOGICAL - based on valid procedures & principles; it investigation could produce.
also practices validity and reliability. ❖ The research objectives can be so hard to achieve
3) CYCLICAL - research is a cyclical process because it when the researcher does not possess sufficient
starts with a problem and ends with a problem background and skills required.
4) ANALYTICAL - research utilizes proven analytical ❖ Hence, an inexperienced person in research is usually
procedures in gathering the data, whether historical, advised to seek clear guidance and constant
descriptive, and experimental and case study. supervision from experts
5) CRITICAL - research exhibits careful and precise
judgments 2. CONSENT
6) METHODICAL - research is conducted in a methodical ❖ Before the research starts, an informed consent
manner without bias using systematic methods and should be obtained from each participant
procedures. ❖ Informed consent is used if the approval from adult
7) REPLICABILITY - the research designs and procedures participants is sought while informed assent is sought
are replicated or repeated to enable the researcher to from participants who have not yet reached the legal
arrive at valid and conclusive results. age or very young to give consent but old enough to
understand the risks and benefits.
❖ The participants should be clarified about the following:
RESEARCH AS A PROCESS
➢ Types of question
STEP 1: DEFINING A RESEARCH PROBLEM ➢ Purpose of the study
● Research Problem is also called “RESEARCH
➢ Potential risks and benefits
TOPIC” ➢ Method of anonymity
● Traditional Researchers utilize: SMART (Specific,
Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, and Time-bound) 3. INFORMANT VALIDATION
● Contemporary Researchers: added a certain criteria
❖ A validation of qualitative data should be done with the
for defining a research problem. participants
❖ Remember that it is so unethical to report a particular
STEP 2: DEVELOPING A RESEARCH PLAN statement which is not actually expressed by any of
● Researchers have to lay out a plan.
the research informants
● Some essentials include the specific research aim,
background and significance, related readings and
4. CONFIDENTIALITY
research designs and methods. ● Retaining anonymity than revealing full identification of
the participants should be dealt with utmost care
STEP 3: COLLECTING RESEARCH DATA
● One of the important steps in conducting a scientific
5. EXPLOITATION
inquiry is data collection (new data) ❖ Being exploited in the conduct of a research is usually
● It can be carried out using an approach called
attributed to the research participants
methodological triangulation ❖ This happens when the researcher gets along with
● This technique considers three usual activities;
them just to gain favor.
observation, interview, & document analysis
6. MISREPRESENTATION
STEP 4: ANALYZING RESEARCH DATA ❖ Participants' narratives as presented in the research
● This step is carried out when all necessary research
report should be assured
data are intact and ready for analysis ❖ Statements that would seem faulty to largely provoke
● Here the researcher carefully analyzes the textual data
mistrust on the part of the informants
by determining significant statements from the texts.
STEP 5: PRESENTING THE FINDINGS
7. IDENTIFICATION OF THE PARTICIPANT BY SELF OR
● Checking the accuracy and completeness of the OTHERS
research data is an essential task before writing and
❖ Researcher must mind the method of anonymizing the
revising the contents of the research paper; otherwise, identity of the participants
the presentation of data would appear insufficient, and
❖ Whether the concerned are willing to divulge their
yes, even questionable identity or not, the researcher should responsibly
handle the data with maximum care.
, SCIENCE Health Benefits Effects of Mobile
QUALITATIVE VS. QUANTITATIVE about the Use of Phone Radiation on
Mobile Phones: A Brain Activities
QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE
Qualitative Study
Purpose To describe and To test hypothesis BUSINESS Exploring the Relationship
understand social establish, casual Behavior Associated Between Sales and
phenomena and relationship, make with Business the Emotional
interactions among predictions, and Success and Quotient of Sales
people generalized from Business Failure Representative
findings
AGRICULTURE A Qualitative Study Effects of Natural
Sample size Small sample size Larger sample size AND FISHERIES of Agricultural Fertilizer on the
required
Literacy in Rural Productivity of Fruit-
Youth Bearing Trees
Sampling Purposive sampling Random sampling
method
ICT Adoption of Online Effects of Online
Relationships Less Formal Formal Date Management Data Management
with the of Government on Government
participants Agencies in the Efficiency
Philippines:
Data needed Verbal information, Statistical Challenges and
images, and artifacts information and Opportunities
(text-based) numbers (number-
based) SOCIAL Challenges in Effects of 4P’s on
INQUIRY Implementing 4P’s the Dropout Rate in
Data Interview, Tests, experiments, Public Schools in
collection observation, pretest-posttest, and Metro Manila
document analysis any other method
that requires precise
measurements QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Data analysis Content analysis and Statistical data ➢ Is a form of social inquiry that focuses on the way
coding people interpret and make sense of their experiences
and the world in which they live. The basis of
Generalizability Low generalizability High generalizability
qualitative research lies in the interpretative approach
Scientific to social reality. (Holloway, 1997, p.2)
Inductive reasoning Deductive reasoning
method ➢ Also called the naturalistic inquiry, developed within
the social and human sciences, and refers to the
Research Typically in natural Typically and theories of interpretation and human experience.
setting setting controlled setting (Malterud, 2002, p. 398)
Reporting Typical in narrative Statistical reporting
with description of CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
context and A. DESIGN
examples from the 1. Naturalistic - refers to studying real world situations as
participants they unfold naturally; non manipulative and non
response controlling; the researcher is open to whatever emerges.
2. Emergent - acceptance of adapting inquiry as
Goal Develops theory Proves theory
understanding deepens and/or situations change; the
researcher avoids rigid designs that eliminate
EXAMPLES OF QUALITATIVE VS. QUANTITATIVE responding to opportunities to pursue new paths of
discovery as they emerge
QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE 3. Purposeful - cases for study like people, organizations,
communities, cultures, events are selected because
ARTS Meaning of Pop Relationship
they are "information rich" and illuminative. That is, they
Music in the Lives of Between Exposure
Senior Citizens: A to Music and Life offer useful manifestations of the phenomenon of
Qualitative Study Expectancy interest; sampling is aimed at insight about the
phenomenon, not empirical generalization derived from
HUMANITIES Domestic Abuse Assessing the Level a sample and applied to a population.
Experiences of of Domestic Abuse
Filipino Women among FIlipino B. THE COLLECTION OF DATA
Women 1. Data - Observations yield a detailed, "thick
description"; interviews capture direct quotations about
SPORTS Understanding the Level of Participation
people's personal perspectives and lived experiences;
Attitudes of Students of Introverts in Team
toward UAAP Sports often derived from carefully conducted case studies
Basketball and review of material culture.
Competitions 2. Personal Experience and Engagement - The
researcher has direct contact with and gets close to
| Page 2
