Grade 12 Physics Notes
1. Kinematics
1.1 Motion in One Dimension
● Displacement (Δx): Change in position, Δx = x_f - x_i
● Velocity (v): Rate of change of displacement, v = Δx/Δt
● Acceleration (a): Rate of change of velocity, a = Δv/Δt
Equations of Motion (assuming constant acceleration):
● v = u + at
● s = ut + 0.5at^2
● v^2 = u^2 + 2as
● s = (u + v)/2 * t
1.2 Motion in Two Dimensions
● Projectile Motion: Horizontal and vertical motions are independent.
○ Horizontal motion: v_x = v_0x (constant)
○ Vertical motion: y = v_0y * t - 0.5 * g * t^2
2. Dynamics
2.1 Newton's Laws of Motion
● First Law (Inertia): An object remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by
a net force.
● Second Law (F = ma): The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net
force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass.
● Third Law (Action-Reaction): For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
2.2 Applications of Newton's Laws
● Free-body Diagrams: Diagrams showing all the forces acting on an object.
● Friction: Resistive force opposing motion.
○ Static friction: F_s ≤ μ_s * N
○ Kinetic friction: F_k = μ_k * N
3. Energy and Work
3.1 Work (W)
1. Kinematics
1.1 Motion in One Dimension
● Displacement (Δx): Change in position, Δx = x_f - x_i
● Velocity (v): Rate of change of displacement, v = Δx/Δt
● Acceleration (a): Rate of change of velocity, a = Δv/Δt
Equations of Motion (assuming constant acceleration):
● v = u + at
● s = ut + 0.5at^2
● v^2 = u^2 + 2as
● s = (u + v)/2 * t
1.2 Motion in Two Dimensions
● Projectile Motion: Horizontal and vertical motions are independent.
○ Horizontal motion: v_x = v_0x (constant)
○ Vertical motion: y = v_0y * t - 0.5 * g * t^2
2. Dynamics
2.1 Newton's Laws of Motion
● First Law (Inertia): An object remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by
a net force.
● Second Law (F = ma): The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net
force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass.
● Third Law (Action-Reaction): For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
2.2 Applications of Newton's Laws
● Free-body Diagrams: Diagrams showing all the forces acting on an object.
● Friction: Resistive force opposing motion.
○ Static friction: F_s ≤ μ_s * N
○ Kinetic friction: F_k = μ_k * N
3. Energy and Work
3.1 Work (W)
