MMP 201 Final Exam | Questions with Verified Answers

MMP 201 Final Exam | Questions with Verified Answers What makes mass communication "mass"? (Wright, 1986) A. The audience is large and anonymous, and often very heterogeneous. B. Communication sources are institutional and organizational. C. The basic economic function of most media in most nations is to attract and hold as large an audience as possible for the advertisers. D. All of the options. Conrad Kottak (1990) identified five stages of societal interaction with television. Accordingly, in stage 3, he stated that A. The medium is new and strange and attracts people with glued gazes—no matter what the content is. "The medium rather than the message is the mesmerizer". B. In the next 10 to 15 years, people beginning to interpret TV's messages and selectively accept or reject them. C. The community is saturated with television and the length of exposure increases. D. Adults have spent their whole lives in a culture permeated by television, and its lifelong impact on members of society is taken for granted. What is the conditional effects model? A. most individuals in a mass society perceive messages from media in the same fashion and react to them strongly and very similarly. B. the media can still have substantial effects, but only under certain conditions or for certain audience members, often in less dramatic form than suggested by the most vocal critics. This is a model of selective effects based on individual differences (Oliver & Krakowiak, 2009). C. Media messages are thus "magic bullets" piercing the mind of the populace. D. the importance of repeated exposure to media stimuli and suggests that effects are due not so much to a single exposure as to the additive effects of many instances of exposure. In studies about the effects of exposure to mass communication, general classes of measurable effects of media include A. demographic variables classifying the individual (e.g., gender, ethnicity, age), properties of the message (e.g., who commits the violence and whether it is reinforced), or the context of its reception (e.g., children watching television with their parents or alone) B. direct, conditional, or cumulative effects models C. positive or negative aspects of media D. Behavioral effects, attitudinal effects, cognitive effects, physiological effects Which following example can describe for physiological effects of media? A. A single exposure to a Seventeen supermodel is unlikely to trigger an eating disorder, but repeated exposures to ultrathin, large-breasted women may cumulatively encourage a young woman to push her body in that direction, especially if she likes and identifies with the media models B. Learning new information from media (e.g., facts about chimpanzees from a National Geographic article) C. Increasing in breathing and heart rate result from watching a scary movie or an exciting ball game D. Children randomly assigned to view high-risk behaviors on TV were more likely to later self-report their own tendency to engage in risk-taking behaviors. Attitudes consist of two components (Festinger, 1957), including: A. An intellectual (belief) component (e.g., reasons that you favor one political candidate's position over another's), and emotional component (e.g., liking one candidate more than another) B. Positive feelings and negative feelings C. cognitive dissonance and cultivation D. All options are correct As applied to media, a principle of the third-person effect means A. Different media may stimulate different types of cognitive processing. B. (1) people believe that other people are more vulnerable than themselves to persuasive messages and other media influences; and (2) such perceptions can influence behavior C. When we are watching TV, using the Internet, or reading a magazine, we are continually processing, comprehending, and remembering the information we are exposed to D. Media may induce many sorts of attitudes on a given subject Fill in a blank: "Research studying people watching television has found that the typical adult or child over the age of 5 attends to the TV between ..... of the time it is on, varying depending on the time of day and the type of program being watched" (Anderson & Burns, 1991; Schmitt, Woolf, & Anderson, 2003) A. between 15 and 30% B. between 25 and 50% C. between 55 and 70% D. between 90 and 100% The phenomenon of change blindness refers to... A. The fact our attention becomes overloaded B. The fact children initially allocate considerable attention to difficult segments but quickly reduce that attention if the material is beyond their level of comprehension C. the fact we do not notice changes in a continuous visual scene as we watch it. D. The fact children spend more time attending to "child content" than to "adult content". What does a social convention of the "willing suspension of disbelief" mean? A. People, for a brief time, agree to accept the characters portrayed onscreen as real human beings so that we can identify with them and experience their joys and sorrows. B. we identify with the character, that is, mentally compare ourselves to and imagine ourselves like that character. C. the possible distraction effects of using mobile phones while driving or studying. D. We are more likely to imitate the behaviors or adopt the attitudes of characters we identify with. What is the ability to understand and feel what someone else is feeling called? A. Suspense B. Empathy C. Transportation D. Identification Fill in a blank: "Part of what happens when we willingly suspend disbelief is that we allow ourselves to be ......into a narrative world, that is, drawn into a story". A. remembered B. involved C. transported D. forgot Fill in a blank: "People in good moods will often seek the least engaging stimulation in order to perpetuate their current state, while people in negative moods may ....." (Knobloch-Westerwick, 2006; Knobloch-Westerwick & Alter, 2 Potts & Sanchez, 1994). A. seek highly arousing fare in order to achieve and maintain a high arousal level B. turn on some mindless sitcom rerun C. seek the engaging stimulation D. seek stimulation to alter that bad mood Why may multitasking with respect to media be particularly appealing? (Wang & Tchernev, 2010) A. Our desire to meet multiple needs and achieve multiple gratifications B. Sometimes we may not be looking at the screen very much C. our attention becomes overloaded D. Familiar content may partially compensate for structural confusion or lack of experience with film conventions What is an experience of uncertainty whose properties can vary from noxious to pleasant usually called? A. Empathy B. Humor C. Suspense D. Attention Which dimensions does transportation include? (Busselle & Bilandzic, 2009). A. Narrative understanding, attentional focus B. Emotional engagement, and narrative presence C. Attention, Suspending Disbelief, Identification D. Narrative understanding, attentional focus, emotional engagement, and narrative presence Fill in blank: "All types of ads try to affect the reality perceived by the consumer (i.e., give us a new image of a product, candidate, or company or make us feel we have a need or desire for some product). Such processes involve attempts to ...." A. change our attention B. change our behavior C. change our attitudes D. change our knowledge Fill in a blank: "Connecting a product with the positive feelings that people have for such symbols can .....a lot of positive emotion with that product." A. associate B. ignore C. deny D. stop "McDonald's in Dublin helps raise money for the Irish Olympic team." What kind of appeals McDonald's is deploying in the ad? A. Achievement, Success, and Power Appeals B. Fear appeals C. Informational Appeals D. Patriotic Appeals In terms of lifespan, how humorous ads become different from other ads? (Pechmann & Stewart, 1988) A. Humorous ads have a long lifespan. B. humorous ads have a particularly short lifespan. They become older, more tired, and much more annoying faster than other ads. C. humorous ads become more interesting and much more annoying faster than other ads. D. humorous ads become less annoying than other ads. Fill in a blank: " The cognitive approach to advertising views an ad as .....to be processed " (Thorson, 1990). A. Entertainment B. Information C. Story D. Data How many stages of processing involved in understanding and acting upon an ad as we perceive and comprehend it? (Shimp & Gresham, 1983) A. 5 B. 6 C. 7 D. 8 What is the fifth stage of processing involved in understanding and acting upon an ad (Shimp & Gresham, 1983)? A. We take action based on that decision (e.g., actually buying the product or not). B. We try to encode the information into our long-term memory for future use (e.g., remembering the name of an intriguing new product for the next time we're at the store). C. Sometime later, we try to retrieve that information (perhaps when we're ready to buy the product. D. We try to decide among available options, such as which brand or model to purchase. Fill in blank: "Although there are clear health benefits from participating in sports, benefits from consuming sports through media are...." A. More clear B. Somewhat less clear C. True D. False Fill in blank: "Music can induce pleasant mood states of different sorts, and it can ... feelings of anxiety and generally lift the spirits." A. Increase B. Manage C. Reduce D. Moderate What is one of the social functions of music? A. Music is also used to fill silence and supply background noise, either at home or while driving a car. B. Being a natural background to or a part of talking with friends, partying, or other recreation. C. Music can induce pleasant mood states of different sorts, and it can reduce feelings of anxiety and generally lift the spirits. D. Music can relieve boredom. What is Involuntary Musical Imagery (IMAs) or "earworms"? A. It is an experience that music memories enter our consciousness without being invited or perhaps even wanted. B. It occurs spontaneously and are hard to control, occurring most often in times of low alertness and low demands on our attention. C. Melodic memories of a song "stuck in our head". D. All of them are correct. What are sexually violent materials in the media? A. They portray rape and other instances of physical coercion and harm to persons in a sexual context. B. They may or may not depict degradation, domination, subordination, or humiliation. C. They depict a couple having intercourse with no indication of violence or coercion. D. They are designed for sexual purposes only. What is the most straightforward effect of sex in media? A. Emotional effects B. Sexual arousal C. Attitudes and values D. Behavioural effects Fill in a blank: "Sexual arousal to stimuli not naturally evoking such a response may be learned through...." A. Self-learning B. Non- classical conditioning C. Conditioning D. Classical conditioning Usually, in the media, who are the playthings or victims of the opposite sex ? A. Women B. Men C. Children D. Adults Benedict (1992) identified two common rape narratives, both of which distort and trivialize the crime: "the vamp" and "the virgin". What does the story of "the vamp" means? A. It means that a sexy woman who incites the lust of a man, who then cannot control himself and rapes her. B. It means that the pure and innocent woman attacked by a vicious monster. C. None of them. D. Both of them. The general goal of social marketing is to ... A. Selling products. B. Selling healthy, safe, and socially positive lifestyles. C. Use media to promote behaviors that lead to improved health or wellbeing. D. Advertising. Breslow (1978) identified methods of risk-factor intervention in public health campaigns. They are A. Environmental intervention and epidemiological intervention and educational programming. B. Epidemiological intervention and educational programming. C. Educational intervention and Environmental intervention. D. None of them is correct. Fill in a blank: "An angry mood can......., which in turn may interfere with retrieval of the ad content". (Bushman & Phillips, 2001) A. Be retained B. Prime aggressive thoughts C. Interfere with the brain's encoding of information D. Distract from attending to and processing the ad Fill in a blank: "Listening to prosocial lyrics was also associated with a decrease in state hostility, which led to reduced aggression" (Greitemeyer, 2011b). A. An increase B. A decrease C. A balance D. An improvement According to Schachter & Singer (1962), the emotions we feel are a product of: A. Our thinking about our feelings and attribute causes and interpretations to them. B. Both our aroused bodily state and our cognitive appraisal of that state. C. The appreciation of media, especially radio, television, and film. D. Psychological experience. What does "Media as Vicarious Emotional Experience" allow viewers to? A. Feel while watching or listening media products B. Experience some of the emotion felt by the characters without themselves being in any physical danger or embarrassment C. Have a different interpretation of that state of bodily arousal D. None is correct Wenner and Gantz (1998) identified five levels of motivation for watching sports, with decreasing amounts of emotional involvement. What is the fourth level? A. The fanship dimension, focusing on the thrill of victory and identifying strongly with the players. B. The learning dimension involves acquiring information about the game and the players C. The release dimension involves "letting off steam," relaxing, and eating and drinking. D. Companionship involves watching in order to be in the company of others who are watching; such motivations are especially important in the case of family or significant others Fill in a blank: "Music is used to....., either at home or while driving a car. Thus it can relieve boredom". A. Fill silence and supply background noise B. Increase noise C. Reduce noise D. Make noise Fill in a blank: "Reactions to music can ...one's prior knowledge, experiences, and prejudices" (Fried 1996, 1999). A. Depend on B. Influence C. Change D. Shape Fill in a blank: "Listening to music with aggressive lyrics can lead to .... cognitions, emotions, and behaviors" (Anderson, Carnagey, & Eubanks, 2003) A. More aggressive B. Less aggressive C. A decrease in state hostility, D. Reduced aggression What is nonviolent sexual material? A. It labeled erotic, pornographic, or sexually explicit, which comprises magazines, videos, films, and Internet websites. B. It is for sexual purposes only and without recognized literary or artistic merit. C. It portrays rape and other instances of physical coercion and harm to persons in a sexual context D. It may or may not depict degradation, domination, subordination, or humiliation. Benedict (1992) identified two common rape narratives, both of which distort and trivialize the crime: "the vamp" and "the virgin". What does the story of "the virgin" means? A. It means that a sexy woman who incites the lust of a man, who then cannot control himself and rapes her. B. It means that the pure and innocent woman attacked by a vicious monster. C. None of them. D. Both of them. According to Malamuth (1984), in terms of sexual arousal, men were aroused by the sexual violence only if.... (Malamuth, 1984). A. The women victims were not portrayed as being aroused by the assault. B. The women victims were not so portrayed. C. The victims were shown to be aroused by the assault. D. Men see films with scenes of sexual violence later showed a more callous attitude toward rape and women. What does Sex in media include? A. Portrays rape and other instances of physical coercion and harm to persons in a sexual context. B. A class of media often explicitly labeled erotic, pornographic, or sexually explicit, which comprises magazines, videos, films, and Internet websites. C. Media have been recognized as being for sexual purposes only. D. None is correct. Consuming sexual media leads to changes in actual sexual behaviours, including: A. Teaching new behaviours and disinhibition of known behaviours. B. Adolescent Socialization, Cybersex, Catharsis. C. Sex Crimes and Interference with Cognitive Processing. D. All of them are correct. According to a study conducted by Boies in 2002, men (more than women) viewed pornography on the Internet for which purposes: A. To sexually arouse themselves, to satisfy sexual needs. B. To fulfil sexual fantasies. C. And to satisfy curiosity about new sexual techniques. D. All of them are correct. Fill in a blank: "In considering the effectiveness of entertainment-education media in developing countries, prosocial campaigns are most successful if...." (Rogers and Singhal, 1990) A. Placing an educational message in an entertainment context can draw a mass audience and earn large profits. B. The media, government, commercial sponsors, and public health organizations work together. C. The educational message cannot be too blatant or too much of a hard sell, or the audience will reject it. D. The effect of the media message in such programs is enhanced by specific supplementary tips about behavior change. What was one of the most important television shows of all time in terms of viewership and research in Prosocial Children's Television? A. Sesame Street B. Captain Kangaroo C. Romper Room D. Kukla What are example of positive social effects when children watch Sesame Street? A. after two years of watching Sesame Street, White children showed more positive attitudes toward children of other races (Bogatz & Ball, 1971; Christensen & Roberts, 1983). B. Minority children watching Sesame Street showed increased cultural pride, confidence, and interpersonal cooperation (Greenberg, 1982) and more prosocial free play (Zielinska & Chambers, 1995). C. None is correct D. A and B are correct