Test 2 PSY 205 - Questions with 100% Correct Answers

PSY 205 Test 2 - Questions with 100% Correct Answers According to cognitive-development theory, a scheme is________. A. an internal process that occurs apart from any contact with the environment B. the understanding that objects continue to exist when out of sight C. the ability to copy the behavior of others D. an organized way of making sense of experience According to Piaget, adaptation involves ___________. A. creating new schemes B. using our current schemes to interpret the external world C. building schemes through direct interaction with the environment D. adjusting to old schemes after noticing that our current ways of thinking are not working Baby Olivia dropped her rattle. Later, she let go of her teething ring and watched with interest. When Olivia dropped the objects, she was ____________ them to her sensorimotor dropping scheme. A. accommodating B. equalizing C. organizing D. assimilating Two year old Laura dropped a block into her toy box. She then dropped a cup, a car, and a doll-some gently, and some with force. Laura's modification of her dropping scheme is an example of _____________. A. equilibrium B. organization C. accommodation D. assimilation During times of rapid cognitive change, children ____________. A. are in a state of disequilibrium B. assimilate more than they accommodate C. are likely to construct inefficient schemes D. balance assimilation and accommodation In Piaget's theory, each time the back-and-forth movement between equilibrium and disequilibrium occurs, ____________. A. children temporarily regress to a previous stage B. less effective schemes are produced C. children adapt more than they organize D. more effective schemes are produced Piaget's ______ stage is the most complex period of development. A. sensorimotor B. preoperational C. concrete operational D. formal operational Piaget based the substages of sensorimotor development on _________. A. interviews with parents and children B. observations of a large sample of young children C. observations of his own three children A _________ is a means of building schemes in which infants try to repeat chance motor behaviors again and again A. sensorimotor reflex B. circular reaction C. mental representation D. goal-directed behavior The circular reaction initially centers on A. the manipulation of objects B. internal depictions of events C. the infant's own body D. imitation of familiar behaviors Ten month old Hannah is shown a stuffed sheep, and then it is hidden under a blanket. Which statement is true? A. Hannah can find the sheep by coordinating two schemes--"pushing" said the blanket and "grasping" the toy B. Deliberately retrieving the stuffed toy is an example of secondary circular reaction C. Deliberately retrieving the stuffed toy is an example of a primary circular reaction D. Hannah will not be able to retrieve the stuffed to sheep until she is in Substage 5 of Piaget's sensorimotor period Nine month old Avery can retrieve his ball when his mother hides it under a blanket. Avery has begun to master A. the tertiary circular reaction B. reflexive schemes C. object permanence D. deferred imitation Awareness of object permanence is not yet complete in Piaget's Substage 4 because babies A. still make the A-not-B error B. have schemes with a hit-or-miss quality C. have schemes hat appear as sudden solutions D. are not yet able to retrieve hidden objects After watching 3 year old Shana drop her raisins into a cup, 10 month old Nicholas copies her and drops his raisins into a cup. Nicholas is in Substage ____ of the sensorimotor period substages. A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 In the information-processing system, information first enters the A. central executive B. short-term memory store C. sensory register D. long-term memory store In the short-term memory, store, A. information is stored briefly so we can actively "work on it" to reach our goals B. sights and sounds are represented directly and stored briefly C. incoming information is coordinated with information already in the system D. information is permanently stored _________ can be thought of as a "mental workspace" that we use to accomplish many activities in daily life A. automatic processing B. sustained attention C. working memory D. the sensory register The _________ is the conscious, reflective part of our mental system. A. sensory register B. central executive C. short term memory store D. automatic cognitive processor ___________ are so well-learned that they require no space in working memory and, therefore, permit us to focus on other information while performing them. A. executive functions B. sensory processes C. permanent functions D. automatic processes _________ control(s) attention by inhibiting impulses and flexibly directing thought and behavior, coordinating information in working memory, and planning. A. automatic processes B. working memory C. executive function D. mirror neurons _________ believed that complex mental activities have their origins in social interaction. A. Jean Piaget B. Renee Baillargeon C. Noam Chomsky D. Lev Vygotsky According to Vygotsky, children master activities through A. join activities with more mature members of their society B. interaction with physical environment C. operant conditioning and modeling D. trial and error The Vygotskian concept of zone of proximal development refers to A. the adjustment of old schemes after noticing that current ways of thinking are flawed B. the cognitive discomfort that children feel during times of rapid cognitive change C. a range of tasks that the child cannot yet handle alone but can do with the help of more skilled partners D. internal depictions of information that the mind can manipulate Two-year-old Carmen is trying to fit pieces into a wooden puzzle form. Her father helps Carmen turn the pieces so they fit snuggly in place. As Carmen's skill improves, her father steps back, letting her try on her own. This example illustrates the concept of A. novelty preference B. accommodation C. sustained attention D. scaffolding The first successful intelligence test predicted A. adult intelligence B. school achievement C. adult vocational success D. financial success Most infant intelligence tests emphasize A. concepts and memory B. memory and mental representations C. perceptual and motor responses D. attention and categorization Make-believe, like other complex mental activities, is A. first learned under the guidance of experts B. discovered once toddlers are capable of representational schemes C. a core domain of thought, prewired at birth to support rapid development D. an automatic process, so well-learned that it requires no space in working memory According to Noam Chromsky, all children have a _______ device that contains a universal grammar. A. language acquisition B. listening C. speaking D. neurotransmission Although the _____ is biased for language processing, if it is injured in the early years, other regions take over. A. right hemisphere B. left hemisphere C. cerebellum D. occipital lobe Two-month-old Penny makes vowel-like noises. This is an example of