VTT 234 final review July Update 2024
What government agency mandates specific laboratory safety policy? ** Answ**
OSHA
What is the purpose of a MSDS? ** Answ** Details of safe handling of chemical
products used in the workplace
What should all containers with chemicals have on them? ** Answ** Secondary
label
Biosafety 1 ** Answ** do not cause disease in humans
Cleaning agents, vaccines
Biosafety 2 ** Answ** potential to cause disease if handled incorrectly
Salmonella
Biosafety 3 ** Answ** can cause serious and potentially lethal disease
tuberculosis
Biosafety 4 ** Answ** high risk of causing life-threatening disease
ebola; shower in shower out
Category A shipping material ** Answ** Can cause permanent disability or death in
healthy humans
Bacillus anthraces, tuberculosis, west nile
Category B shipping material ** Answ** Can cause permanent disability
Most samples fall into this category
What must be labelled on shipping containers? ** Answ** Owner last name, patient
name, sample type, date, vet name or ID, requisition form
How should you ship samples? ** Answ** In a leak-proof container, absorbent
material in the first layer
What are the two types of centrifuges? ** Answ** Hematocrit and clinical
What are the types of clinical centrifuges? ** Answ** Horizontal- Swinging arm, cups
hang vertically at rest and swing horizontally during centrifugation, heat build-up, and
some remixing
Angled (fixed)- Specimen tubes are held at a fixed angle, and rotates at higher speeds
with little heat build-up
,What temp must an incubator always be at ** Answ** 37 C
What is symbiosis and what are the three types? ** Answ** Symbiosis is 2
organisms living together
- Commensalism: 1 organism benefits and other is fine
- Mutualism: Both organisms benefit
- Parasitism: 1 organism benefits and the other is harmed
Definitive host ** Answ** Shelters the sexual or adult parasite
Intermediate host ** Answ** Asexual or immature parasite
Paratenic host ** Answ** Transport host, parasite survives with out multiplying or
developing
What is the most reliable method to detect parasitic infections in feces? ** Answ**
Microscopic exam
Examine at 10x
What are the advantages and disadvantages of direct smears? ** Answ**
Advantages: Short prep time, minimal equipment needed
Disadvantages: Only a small amount of feces is examined
What is important to know regarding fecal flotation solution? ** Answ** The flotation
solution must have a higher SG than that of the parasitic material
Ensures that the eggs float to the top and debris stays at the bottom
The heavier the solution more eggs will float to the top
What is the difference between passive flotation and centrifugation? ** Answ**
Passive flotation: Longer time, results not reliable
Centrifugation: Shorter time, gives more reliable results
What are the parameters to centrifuge a fecal sample? ** Answ** 3-5 mins and 1300
to 1500 RPM
What type of eggs are too heavy for flotation and require to be found by sedimentation?
** Answ** Trematode eggs
What is the Baermann technique? ** Answ** A method for the extraction of
nematode larvae from fresh feces; warm water stimulates larvae in the sample to move
out of it and gravity pulls them to the bottom of the container
What is the motile stage of protozoans? ** Answ** Trophozoite
What is the definitive host of toxoplasma gondii? ** Answ** Cats
, What are trematodes? ** Answ** Flukes, Flatworms
What is the lizard poisoning fluke of cats ** Answ** Platynosomum fastosum
What is fasciola hepatica? ** Answ** liver fluke
What are cestodes ** Answ** tapeworms
What is the most common tapeworm found in dogs and cats? ** Answ** Dipylidium
caninum
What are nematodes? ** Answ** roundworms
What are cutaneous larva migrans caused by? ** Answ** Hookworms
What is the giant kidney worm of dogs? ** Answ** Dioctophyma renale
What is Dirofilaria immitis? ** Answ** Heartworm
Mallophaga ** Answ** chewing lice
Anoplura ** Answ** sucking lice
What is pediculosis? ** Answ** lice infestation
Anoplura vs Mallophaga ** Answ** Anoplura: Narrow heads, red to grey
Mallophaga: Big blunt head, yellow
What are Diptera? ** Answ** Flies and mosquitos with two wings
What does myiasis mean? ** Answ** Maggot producing
Where are cuterebra found? ** Answ** SQ tissue in various locations
What is the most common flea found in dogs and cats? ** Answ** Ctenocephalides
felis
What is the scientific term for walking dandruff? ** Answ** Cheyletiella
What are soft ticks called? ** Answ** Argasidae
otibus megnini
What are hard ticks called? ** Answ** Ixodidae
Hyalomma, ixodes
What government agency mandates specific laboratory safety policy? ** Answ**
OSHA
What is the purpose of a MSDS? ** Answ** Details of safe handling of chemical
products used in the workplace
What should all containers with chemicals have on them? ** Answ** Secondary
label
Biosafety 1 ** Answ** do not cause disease in humans
Cleaning agents, vaccines
Biosafety 2 ** Answ** potential to cause disease if handled incorrectly
Salmonella
Biosafety 3 ** Answ** can cause serious and potentially lethal disease
tuberculosis
Biosafety 4 ** Answ** high risk of causing life-threatening disease
ebola; shower in shower out
Category A shipping material ** Answ** Can cause permanent disability or death in
healthy humans
Bacillus anthraces, tuberculosis, west nile
Category B shipping material ** Answ** Can cause permanent disability
Most samples fall into this category
What must be labelled on shipping containers? ** Answ** Owner last name, patient
name, sample type, date, vet name or ID, requisition form
How should you ship samples? ** Answ** In a leak-proof container, absorbent
material in the first layer
What are the two types of centrifuges? ** Answ** Hematocrit and clinical
What are the types of clinical centrifuges? ** Answ** Horizontal- Swinging arm, cups
hang vertically at rest and swing horizontally during centrifugation, heat build-up, and
some remixing
Angled (fixed)- Specimen tubes are held at a fixed angle, and rotates at higher speeds
with little heat build-up
,What temp must an incubator always be at ** Answ** 37 C
What is symbiosis and what are the three types? ** Answ** Symbiosis is 2
organisms living together
- Commensalism: 1 organism benefits and other is fine
- Mutualism: Both organisms benefit
- Parasitism: 1 organism benefits and the other is harmed
Definitive host ** Answ** Shelters the sexual or adult parasite
Intermediate host ** Answ** Asexual or immature parasite
Paratenic host ** Answ** Transport host, parasite survives with out multiplying or
developing
What is the most reliable method to detect parasitic infections in feces? ** Answ**
Microscopic exam
Examine at 10x
What are the advantages and disadvantages of direct smears? ** Answ**
Advantages: Short prep time, minimal equipment needed
Disadvantages: Only a small amount of feces is examined
What is important to know regarding fecal flotation solution? ** Answ** The flotation
solution must have a higher SG than that of the parasitic material
Ensures that the eggs float to the top and debris stays at the bottom
The heavier the solution more eggs will float to the top
What is the difference between passive flotation and centrifugation? ** Answ**
Passive flotation: Longer time, results not reliable
Centrifugation: Shorter time, gives more reliable results
What are the parameters to centrifuge a fecal sample? ** Answ** 3-5 mins and 1300
to 1500 RPM
What type of eggs are too heavy for flotation and require to be found by sedimentation?
** Answ** Trematode eggs
What is the Baermann technique? ** Answ** A method for the extraction of
nematode larvae from fresh feces; warm water stimulates larvae in the sample to move
out of it and gravity pulls them to the bottom of the container
What is the motile stage of protozoans? ** Answ** Trophozoite
What is the definitive host of toxoplasma gondii? ** Answ** Cats
, What are trematodes? ** Answ** Flukes, Flatworms
What is the lizard poisoning fluke of cats ** Answ** Platynosomum fastosum
What is fasciola hepatica? ** Answ** liver fluke
What are cestodes ** Answ** tapeworms
What is the most common tapeworm found in dogs and cats? ** Answ** Dipylidium
caninum
What are nematodes? ** Answ** roundworms
What are cutaneous larva migrans caused by? ** Answ** Hookworms
What is the giant kidney worm of dogs? ** Answ** Dioctophyma renale
What is Dirofilaria immitis? ** Answ** Heartworm
Mallophaga ** Answ** chewing lice
Anoplura ** Answ** sucking lice
What is pediculosis? ** Answ** lice infestation
Anoplura vs Mallophaga ** Answ** Anoplura: Narrow heads, red to grey
Mallophaga: Big blunt head, yellow
What are Diptera? ** Answ** Flies and mosquitos with two wings
What does myiasis mean? ** Answ** Maggot producing
Where are cuterebra found? ** Answ** SQ tissue in various locations
What is the most common flea found in dogs and cats? ** Answ** Ctenocephalides
felis
What is the scientific term for walking dandruff? ** Answ** Cheyletiella
What are soft ticks called? ** Answ** Argasidae
otibus megnini
What are hard ticks called? ** Answ** Ixodidae
Hyalomma, ixodes
