Biochemistry for Psychology Reviewer (2nd
Semester)
Carbohydrate Chemistry
► Outline
- Made up of sugar units linked by glycosidic
• Introduction to Carbohydrates bond.
• Functions of Carbohydrates - Small carbohydrate molecules are referred to as
• Classification of Carbohydrates glycosides.
A. Monosaccharides - Composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and
B. Disaccharides that the hydrogen to oxygen ratio is 2:1 just like
C. Oligosaccharides in water.
D. Polysaccharides - Formerly defined as hydrates of carbon.
• Reaction of Hexoses
• Structures of Carbohydrates (Open-chain & cyclic) - Now defined as polyhydroxy aldehydes or
ketones or compounds that will yield on
❖ Can you survive without sugar? hydrolysis, aldehydes or ketones.
- “Saccharide” comes from the word for table
► Learning Objectives
sugar in several language: sarkara n Sanskrit,
• At the end of the lesson, the learners should be able sakcharon in Greek, saccharum in Latin.
to:
- Define carbohydrates. - Sugars are prepared by mild oxidation of
- Identify the functional groups in sugars alcohol.
- State the functions of carbohydrates in the - Glycerol is a trihydroxy alcohol.
living system.
- Classify carbohydrates based on the number of
carbon atoms; number of monosaccharide
present.
- Define related terms: epimers, D & L
configuration; penultimate carbon, chiral
carbon, anomeric carbon.
- Write chemical equations undergone by • D-glyceraldehyde: Functional groups
physiologically important hexoses. present are –CHO (aldehyde), -OH (hydroxy)
- Write open-chain and cyclic structures of simple • Dihydroxyacetone: Functional groups
sugars. present are –C=O (ketone), -OH (hydroxy)
- Identify monosaccharides in the open- ► Functional Groups in Sugars
chain(linear) structures and cyclic structures
(Haworth & Chair).
► Carbohydrates (CHO)
- Most abundant organic compound found in
nature.
- Constitutes the supporting structure and tissue
of plants.
- Essential in the diet of animals.
- Are formed in a process called photosynthesis.
, ► Functions of Carbohydrates B. Tetroses – contain 4 C atoms, MF is C4H8O4
- Oxidation of carbohydrates provides energy.
- Glycogen, a carbohydrate storage provides a
short-term energy reserve.
- Supplies carbon atoms for the synthesis of
other biochemical substances lipids, proteins
and nucleic acids. C. Pentoses – contain 5 C atoms, MF is
- Forms a structural component to cell C5H10O5
membrane when bonded to lipids.
- Part of the structural framework of nucleic
acids, DNA & RNA
► Classification of Carbohydrates
D. Hexoses – contain 6 C atoms, MF is
C6H12O6. They are the most important
monosaccharides.
1. Aldohexoses – those containing an
aldehyde group.
2. Ketohexoses – contain a ketone group.
► Monosaccharides
- Are the basic units of carbohydrates and they
cannot be hydrolyzed further. The most popular ketohexose is
- Classified according to the number of carbon fructose, is the sweetest natural sugar.
atoms present. D-psicose, D-fructose, D-tagatose and
A. Trioses – contain 3 C atoms and have a D-sorbose has a ketone group in their
molecular formula, MF of C3H6O3. carbon no. 2
Semester)
Carbohydrate Chemistry
► Outline
- Made up of sugar units linked by glycosidic
• Introduction to Carbohydrates bond.
• Functions of Carbohydrates - Small carbohydrate molecules are referred to as
• Classification of Carbohydrates glycosides.
A. Monosaccharides - Composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and
B. Disaccharides that the hydrogen to oxygen ratio is 2:1 just like
C. Oligosaccharides in water.
D. Polysaccharides - Formerly defined as hydrates of carbon.
• Reaction of Hexoses
• Structures of Carbohydrates (Open-chain & cyclic) - Now defined as polyhydroxy aldehydes or
ketones or compounds that will yield on
❖ Can you survive without sugar? hydrolysis, aldehydes or ketones.
- “Saccharide” comes from the word for table
► Learning Objectives
sugar in several language: sarkara n Sanskrit,
• At the end of the lesson, the learners should be able sakcharon in Greek, saccharum in Latin.
to:
- Define carbohydrates. - Sugars are prepared by mild oxidation of
- Identify the functional groups in sugars alcohol.
- State the functions of carbohydrates in the - Glycerol is a trihydroxy alcohol.
living system.
- Classify carbohydrates based on the number of
carbon atoms; number of monosaccharide
present.
- Define related terms: epimers, D & L
configuration; penultimate carbon, chiral
carbon, anomeric carbon.
- Write chemical equations undergone by • D-glyceraldehyde: Functional groups
physiologically important hexoses. present are –CHO (aldehyde), -OH (hydroxy)
- Write open-chain and cyclic structures of simple • Dihydroxyacetone: Functional groups
sugars. present are –C=O (ketone), -OH (hydroxy)
- Identify monosaccharides in the open- ► Functional Groups in Sugars
chain(linear) structures and cyclic structures
(Haworth & Chair).
► Carbohydrates (CHO)
- Most abundant organic compound found in
nature.
- Constitutes the supporting structure and tissue
of plants.
- Essential in the diet of animals.
- Are formed in a process called photosynthesis.
, ► Functions of Carbohydrates B. Tetroses – contain 4 C atoms, MF is C4H8O4
- Oxidation of carbohydrates provides energy.
- Glycogen, a carbohydrate storage provides a
short-term energy reserve.
- Supplies carbon atoms for the synthesis of
other biochemical substances lipids, proteins
and nucleic acids. C. Pentoses – contain 5 C atoms, MF is
- Forms a structural component to cell C5H10O5
membrane when bonded to lipids.
- Part of the structural framework of nucleic
acids, DNA & RNA
► Classification of Carbohydrates
D. Hexoses – contain 6 C atoms, MF is
C6H12O6. They are the most important
monosaccharides.
1. Aldohexoses – those containing an
aldehyde group.
2. Ketohexoses – contain a ketone group.
► Monosaccharides
- Are the basic units of carbohydrates and they
cannot be hydrolyzed further. The most popular ketohexose is
- Classified according to the number of carbon fructose, is the sweetest natural sugar.
atoms present. D-psicose, D-fructose, D-tagatose and
A. Trioses – contain 3 C atoms and have a D-sorbose has a ketone group in their
molecular formula, MF of C3H6O3. carbon no. 2
