Geography Paper 2 - Exam Questions with Answers 2024 Update
Give two pull factors that encourage people to move to urban areas in LICs/NEEs. [2 marks] - Correct Answer Better healthcare, improved education, more reliable electricity supplies, better paid jobs, wider range of jobs, moving to be near family, higher standard of living.
Suggest why sanitation systems in cities in LICs/NEEs create challenges. [4 marks] - Correct Answer - Many LIC/NEE cities are growing rapidly with high levels of natural increase and rural to urban migration, which makes it difficult for enough facilities to be provided to all the people. - The new migrants to the city may have very little money and they have to build their own houses from waste material. They cannot afford to build their own toilets.
- Many people have to use the toilets, which mean they soon get dirty, and disease can spread easily. - The slums/squatter settlements are unplanned and sometimes illegal and so may not have sewers or clean water pipes. - LIC/NEE governments may lack the money to build sufficient toilets or to maintain them / ensure they are safe. - There may be a charge for using public toilets, which people in poverty cannot afford - so they are forced to go in the street instead, spreading disease. - Many children die from diseases caught by living in unsanitary conditions.
Outline one advantage of recycling waste. [2 marks] - Correct Answer - Reduces amount going to landfill (1) which cuts the amount of land needed to bury waste (1)
- Saves resources (1) as new materials do not have to be found to replace those thrown
away (1)
- Reduction in energy consumption (1) as recycling is a less energy intensive process (1)
Assess the importance of managing transport as part of urban sustainability. [6 marks] - Correct Answer - A wide range of schemes might be mentioned, e.g. congestion charging, road pricing, low emission zones, car sharing, parking restrictions, park and ride schemes, quota schemes for car ownership, petrol pricing, promoting and improving public transport.
- Promoting public transport will reduce congestion which will result in lower emissions and improved air quality, especially Knox, with resulting benefits for health and therefore making cities more 'loveable'. When people want to live in cities the population can be sustained without outflow to the suburbs, particularly of families with children.
- Similar points could be developed for other initiatives such as protected bicycle lanes and the ease associated with the Oyster card system.
- Reducing congestion will improve travel times meaning that people are less likely to be
late for work and products delivered on time so businesses are able to maintain their income.
Suggest how a regeneration project can solve urban problems. [9 marks] - Correct Answer (Olympic Park Regeneration)
Outline one reason why rates of natural increase are high in many cities in LIC/NEEs. [2
marks] - Correct Answer - There is better healthcare (1) so more children survive and the population grows (1)/reducing the death rate in relation to the birth rate and leading to natural increase (1) - The population is younger (1) so they are more likely to have children and increase the
population (1) - The birth rate is higher in cities than rural areas (1) because of the relatively youthful population (1).
To what extent has urban change created social and economic opportunities in a UK city you have studied? [9 marks] - Correct Answer London - Likely to cover ideas such as low cost rent and ownership addresses low incomes, planting and garden schemes improve environment, renovations
- With another possible theme of employment creation schemes and providing infrastructure to promote economic investment.
Use Figure 3 and a case study of a city in a LIC or NEE to suggest why managing
Traffic congestion and air pollution may be challenging. [6 marks] - Correct Answer - 40% growth in number of cars in Rio in the last decade
- Steep mountains in Rio (physical landscape difficulties)
- Older and poorer quality vehicles with higher emissions e.g. motorcycle taxis which dominate traffic in LICs/NEEs will cause more air pollution
- Rapid industrialization and lack of regulation will also be major contributors to air pollution
- Appraisal of the challenge may also cover ideas that historically cities in LIC/NEEs have continued to function and find a way to operate and indeed prospered
Suggest reason(s) for inequalities in education in urban areas in the UK. [4 marks] - Correct Answer - De-industrialization leading to inner city decline and subsequent deprivation leading to poorer education in inner areas, e.g. Layton / Stratford chosen as the Olympic Site as the most deprived areas in the UK
- Deprivation and change tend to be cumulative such that areas will also have lower employment levels, poorer health, lower incomes and poorer educational outcomes.
- Urban change has gone hand in hand with this so that those on higher incomes either create wealthy enclaves in the center or are able to move to the outskirts; accessing
Give two pull factors that encourage people to move to urban areas in LICs/NEEs. [2 marks] - Correct Answer Better healthcare, improved education, more reliable electricity supplies, better paid jobs, wider range of jobs, moving to be near family, higher standard of living.
Suggest why sanitation systems in cities in LICs/NEEs create challenges. [4 marks] - Correct Answer - Many LIC/NEE cities are growing rapidly with high levels of natural increase and rural to urban migration, which makes it difficult for enough facilities to be provided to all the people. - The new migrants to the city may have very little money and they have to build their own houses from waste material. They cannot afford to build their own toilets.
- Many people have to use the toilets, which mean they soon get dirty, and disease can spread easily. - The slums/squatter settlements are unplanned and sometimes illegal and so may not have sewers or clean water pipes. - LIC/NEE governments may lack the money to build sufficient toilets or to maintain them / ensure they are safe. - There may be a charge for using public toilets, which people in poverty cannot afford - so they are forced to go in the street instead, spreading disease. - Many children die from diseases caught by living in unsanitary conditions.
Outline one advantage of recycling waste. [2 marks] - Correct Answer - Reduces amount going to landfill (1) which cuts the amount of land needed to bury waste (1)
- Saves resources (1) as new materials do not have to be found to replace those thrown
away (1)
- Reduction in energy consumption (1) as recycling is a less energy intensive process (1)
Assess the importance of managing transport as part of urban sustainability. [6 marks] - Correct Answer - A wide range of schemes might be mentioned, e.g. congestion charging, road pricing, low emission zones, car sharing, parking restrictions, park and ride schemes, quota schemes for car ownership, petrol pricing, promoting and improving public transport.
- Promoting public transport will reduce congestion which will result in lower emissions and improved air quality, especially Knox, with resulting benefits for health and therefore making cities more 'loveable'. When people want to live in cities the population can be sustained without outflow to the suburbs, particularly of families with children.
- Similar points could be developed for other initiatives such as protected bicycle lanes and the ease associated with the Oyster card system.
- Reducing congestion will improve travel times meaning that people are less likely to be
late for work and products delivered on time so businesses are able to maintain their income.
Suggest how a regeneration project can solve urban problems. [9 marks] - Correct Answer (Olympic Park Regeneration)
Outline one reason why rates of natural increase are high in many cities in LIC/NEEs. [2
marks] - Correct Answer - There is better healthcare (1) so more children survive and the population grows (1)/reducing the death rate in relation to the birth rate and leading to natural increase (1) - The population is younger (1) so they are more likely to have children and increase the
population (1) - The birth rate is higher in cities than rural areas (1) because of the relatively youthful population (1).
To what extent has urban change created social and economic opportunities in a UK city you have studied? [9 marks] - Correct Answer London - Likely to cover ideas such as low cost rent and ownership addresses low incomes, planting and garden schemes improve environment, renovations
- With another possible theme of employment creation schemes and providing infrastructure to promote economic investment.
Use Figure 3 and a case study of a city in a LIC or NEE to suggest why managing
Traffic congestion and air pollution may be challenging. [6 marks] - Correct Answer - 40% growth in number of cars in Rio in the last decade
- Steep mountains in Rio (physical landscape difficulties)
- Older and poorer quality vehicles with higher emissions e.g. motorcycle taxis which dominate traffic in LICs/NEEs will cause more air pollution
- Rapid industrialization and lack of regulation will also be major contributors to air pollution
- Appraisal of the challenge may also cover ideas that historically cities in LIC/NEEs have continued to function and find a way to operate and indeed prospered
Suggest reason(s) for inequalities in education in urban areas in the UK. [4 marks] - Correct Answer - De-industrialization leading to inner city decline and subsequent deprivation leading to poorer education in inner areas, e.g. Layton / Stratford chosen as the Olympic Site as the most deprived areas in the UK
- Deprivation and change tend to be cumulative such that areas will also have lower employment levels, poorer health, lower incomes and poorer educational outcomes.
- Urban change has gone hand in hand with this so that those on higher incomes either create wealthy enclaves in the center or are able to move to the outskirts; accessing
