Surgical nursing 1QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2024/2025
Hiatal Hernia (Diaphragmatic Hernia) - Answer-Loss of muscle strength and tone,
Hiatal hernia causes - Answer-obesity or multiple pregnancies and congenital
defects
Hiatal hernia is the result of - Answer-a defect in the wall of the diaphragm where the
oesophagus passes through; this creates protrusion of part of the stomach or the
lower part of the oesophagus up into the thoracic cavity.
Hiatal Hernia patient education - Answer-• Patients with hiatal hernia are taught ways
to prevent pain
And reflux.
• If weight is above normal, encourage weight reduction.
• Remind the patient to stay upright for 2 hours after eating and not to eat 3 hours
before bedtime.
• Lifting or moving heavy items is to be avoided.
• If the head of the bed cannot be raised, a wedge pillow should be used to elevate
the upper body; this position helps prevent reflux and assists gravity in maintaining
the stomach in the abdominal cavity
Hiatal Hernia patient education - Answer-• Prescribed H2-receptor antagonists or
proton pump inhibitors should be taken at bedtime to prevent reflux and damage
from acid entering the esophagus.
• The patient should avoid foods that cause bloating, which increases abdominal
pressure.
• Increased abdominal pressure may push the stomach upward through the
diaphragmatic defect.
How to diagnose complications - Answer-An upper gastrointestinal (UGI) series or
computed tomography scan can diagnose the problem.
If the hemorrhage is unchecked, - Answer-hypovolemic shock may occur
Mandibulectomy - Answer-removal of the mandible
Medications to relieve pain from local irritation of the
Intestinal mucosa include - Answer-antacids and proton pump
Inhibitors, which decrease gastric secretions.
Note - Answer-Approximately one third of patients who undergo bariatric surgery
develop gallstones because of the rapid weight loss.
Obesity - Answer-worldwide problem and is particularly prevalent
In industrialized nations.
, Options for treatment - Answer-endoscopic ablative therapy
Oral and pharyngeal cancer risks factors - Answer-• cigarette smoking, use of
smokeless tobacco, pipe smoking, and heavy alcohol use. The effect of using
electronic cigarettes is not yet known.
• Infection with the human papillomavirus
Oral cancer treatment - Answer-Radiation, chemotherapy, and surgery
Organs of the gastrointestinal (GI) system - Answer-mouth,
Pharynx,
Stomach,
Intestine,
Intestine, rectum, and anus.
Peptic Ulcer - Answer-open sore in the lining of the stomach or duodenum
Peptic ulcer causes - Answer-H. Pylori and NSAIDs
Peptic ulcer complications - Answer-hemorrhage, perforation, and obstruction
Peptic ulcer is diagnosed by - Answer-an endoscopy
• It also allows for differentiation between benign and malignant ulcerations and
between the esophageal ulcer and a diverticulum (pouching of the intestinal wall).
• UGI series may be done if endoscopy is not available.
• Testing for the presence of H. pylori is essential.
Peptic ulcer is initially treated with - Answer-• medication.
• Surgical treatment is used when conservative treatment is
Not effective.
Peptic Ulcer POSTOPERATIVE CARE - Answer-• after the tube is removed, the
patient is given small amounts of liquid to determine tolerance. These liquids are
gradually increased.
• The patient's ability to take them without nausea, vomiting, or abdominal distress is
assessed.
• If the liquids are well tolerated, the patient progresses to small, frequent feedings.
• Within 6 months, most patients are able to take three regular meals a day.
Peptic Ulcer POSTOPERATIVE CARE - Answer-• Care of patients who have had
gastric surgery is routine, with
Some exceptions.
• After surgery in which part of the stomach has been removed, care must be taken
in handling the NG tube to prevent injury to the sutures and to prevent introduction of
infectious agents.
•
• The surgeon will write specific orders about irrigating fluids
And movement of the gastric tube.
ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2024/2025
Hiatal Hernia (Diaphragmatic Hernia) - Answer-Loss of muscle strength and tone,
Hiatal hernia causes - Answer-obesity or multiple pregnancies and congenital
defects
Hiatal hernia is the result of - Answer-a defect in the wall of the diaphragm where the
oesophagus passes through; this creates protrusion of part of the stomach or the
lower part of the oesophagus up into the thoracic cavity.
Hiatal Hernia patient education - Answer-• Patients with hiatal hernia are taught ways
to prevent pain
And reflux.
• If weight is above normal, encourage weight reduction.
• Remind the patient to stay upright for 2 hours after eating and not to eat 3 hours
before bedtime.
• Lifting or moving heavy items is to be avoided.
• If the head of the bed cannot be raised, a wedge pillow should be used to elevate
the upper body; this position helps prevent reflux and assists gravity in maintaining
the stomach in the abdominal cavity
Hiatal Hernia patient education - Answer-• Prescribed H2-receptor antagonists or
proton pump inhibitors should be taken at bedtime to prevent reflux and damage
from acid entering the esophagus.
• The patient should avoid foods that cause bloating, which increases abdominal
pressure.
• Increased abdominal pressure may push the stomach upward through the
diaphragmatic defect.
How to diagnose complications - Answer-An upper gastrointestinal (UGI) series or
computed tomography scan can diagnose the problem.
If the hemorrhage is unchecked, - Answer-hypovolemic shock may occur
Mandibulectomy - Answer-removal of the mandible
Medications to relieve pain from local irritation of the
Intestinal mucosa include - Answer-antacids and proton pump
Inhibitors, which decrease gastric secretions.
Note - Answer-Approximately one third of patients who undergo bariatric surgery
develop gallstones because of the rapid weight loss.
Obesity - Answer-worldwide problem and is particularly prevalent
In industrialized nations.
, Options for treatment - Answer-endoscopic ablative therapy
Oral and pharyngeal cancer risks factors - Answer-• cigarette smoking, use of
smokeless tobacco, pipe smoking, and heavy alcohol use. The effect of using
electronic cigarettes is not yet known.
• Infection with the human papillomavirus
Oral cancer treatment - Answer-Radiation, chemotherapy, and surgery
Organs of the gastrointestinal (GI) system - Answer-mouth,
Pharynx,
Stomach,
Intestine,
Intestine, rectum, and anus.
Peptic Ulcer - Answer-open sore in the lining of the stomach or duodenum
Peptic ulcer causes - Answer-H. Pylori and NSAIDs
Peptic ulcer complications - Answer-hemorrhage, perforation, and obstruction
Peptic ulcer is diagnosed by - Answer-an endoscopy
• It also allows for differentiation between benign and malignant ulcerations and
between the esophageal ulcer and a diverticulum (pouching of the intestinal wall).
• UGI series may be done if endoscopy is not available.
• Testing for the presence of H. pylori is essential.
Peptic ulcer is initially treated with - Answer-• medication.
• Surgical treatment is used when conservative treatment is
Not effective.
Peptic Ulcer POSTOPERATIVE CARE - Answer-• after the tube is removed, the
patient is given small amounts of liquid to determine tolerance. These liquids are
gradually increased.
• The patient's ability to take them without nausea, vomiting, or abdominal distress is
assessed.
• If the liquids are well tolerated, the patient progresses to small, frequent feedings.
• Within 6 months, most patients are able to take three regular meals a day.
Peptic Ulcer POSTOPERATIVE CARE - Answer-• Care of patients who have had
gastric surgery is routine, with
Some exceptions.
• After surgery in which part of the stomach has been removed, care must be taken
in handling the NG tube to prevent injury to the sutures and to prevent introduction of
infectious agents.
•
• The surgeon will write specific orders about irrigating fluids
And movement of the gastric tube.
