Psychology 235 Final Exam | Questions and Answers (Complete Solutions)

Psychology 235 Final Exam | Questions and Answers (Complete Solutions) Jeannette has been diagnosed with bulimia. She will NOT have the following symptom: a) being totally obsessed with food. b) looking "skeletal" (or incredibly thin). c) binging several times a week and then possibly purging or vomiting. d) possibly developing mouth sores and tooth damage due to frequent vomiting. Xandra, age 10, has recently grown 5 inches in height. Xandra is undergoing: a) development of her primary sexual characteristics. b) development of her secondary sexual characteristics. c) the growth spurt. d) size acceleration. A father asks, "When should I discuss puberty with my child?" According to the text, which is the BEST advice? a) Discuss the topic before the physical changes take place. b) Wait to discuss the topic until his child asks questions. c) Wait to discuss the topic until the physical changes occur. d) Never discuss the topic, as puberty is such a sensitive topic for kids. According to the text, what is the MAIN advantage of sending pre-teens to middle school? a) This educational structure offers children the chance to start again. b) These schools have more challenging classes. c) This educational structure provides a more supportive environment. d) These schools hire better teachers. Which force does NOT predict making an earlier transition to intercourse? a) being an early developer b) having friends who have gone all the way c) being male d) being impulsive The timing of puberty is determined by: a) the level of family stress alone. b) genetics alone. c) genetics and a variety of environmental forces. d) the level of nutrition alone. Research suggests the hypothalamic puberty timer is: a) equally sensitive to environmental cues for both sexes. b) more sensitive to environmental cues for boys. c) more sensitive to environmental cues for girls. d) is sensitive to the same cues for girls and boys. Selma is devising a questionnaire to predict the risk of eating disorders. Which item should NOT be on her list? a) Does this child have insecure attachments and an extreme need for approval? b) Does this child adhere to the "thin ideal"? c) Is this child doing poorly in school? d) Is this child temperamentally anxious and highly self-critical? Which force is NOT involved in programming the onset of puberty? a) leptin b) life stress c) maturation or growth level d) intelligence or academic skills A student is giving a presentation on teenage male body image issues. What statement should he make? a) "Boys never have eating disorders." b) "Boys today typically want to be thin." c) "There are no pressures on boys to have perfect bodies." d) "Boys today worry about building up their muscles." Dr. Raju says, "When families experience intense stress, early puberty is an adaptation that equips females to leave home as soon as possible." Dr. Raju is a(n): a) pedophile. b) behavioral psychologist. c) follower of Freud. d) evolutionary psychologist. Research suggests a female child is MOST likely to be intensely embarrassed by her changing body when she is around her _____. a) siblings b) father c) mother d) friends Isaiah and Allie are devising a checklist to predict whether a teenage girl in the United States has made the transition to intercourse. Which question should NOT be on their list? a) Is this girl an early developer? b) Does this girl have an older boyfriend? c) Is this girl watching a lot of television? d) Are this girl's friends sexually active? Puberty rites have which feature? a) rebelling against the older generation b) overcoming physically challenging tasks c) being united with one's family d) participating in boring community celebrations Ling is devising a checklist to predict a female child's reaching puberty early. Which is NOT a question he should include in his list? a) Does this girl have many siblings? b) Did this girl have a stressful childhood? c) Was this girl yelled at often during early childhood? d) Did this girl grow up in a single-parent mother-headed family? Lydia is about to enter puberty. Statistically speaking, in which order will the changes occur? a) menarche; growth spurt begins; breasts and pubic hair begin developing b) breasts and pubic hair begin developing; growth spurt begins; menarche c) menarche; breasts and pubic hair begin developing; growth spurt begins d) growth spurt begins; breasts and pubic hair begin developing; menarche Devora asks, "What is the first sign my son is entering puberty?" How should an expert answer? a) The voice begins to change. b) The muscles begin to enlarge. c) Spermarche occurs. d) The penis begins to grow. Which is a primary sexual characteristic? a) skin changes b) breast development c) body hair development d) menstruation In an early-maturing daughter, parents might be alert to which of the following? a) depression and low self-esteem b) increasing grades and an increased interest in school c) increase in the number of same-sex friends d) being unpopular and having no friends Statistically speaking, in terms of puberty timetables, who is MOST at risk of becoming depressed? a) early-maturing girls b) early-maturing boys c) late-maturing girls d) late-maturing boys Libby weighs only 85 pounds, exercises incessantly, and eats practically nothing. Libby's diagnosis is _____. a) bulimia b) depression c) anorexia nervosa d) externalizing problems Having sexual intercourse outside of committed relationships: a) boosts anger. b) is a risk factor for depression. c) boosts self-esteem. d) has no effect on children's mental health. Dr. Chen is giving a talk on the prevalence of eating disorders. Which is a statement she should not make? a) "All eating disorders involve excessive dieting." b) "Eating disorder rates decline as women get older." c) "Eating disorders are most common among young females." d) "Although, using the strict diagnostic criteria, eating disorder rates are low, a much higher fraction of girls have symptoms of eating issues." The FIRST physical sign that a girl is reaching puberty is _____. a) the growth spurt b) breast development c) menarche d) pubic hair development Statistically speaking, a(n) _____ is apt to reach puberty at the youngest age. a) African American child b) Asian American child c) European American child d) child growing up impoverished in the developing world A girl is about to enter puberty. How long will the total process take? a) about 2 years, for every child b) about 9 years, for every child c) a variable length of time for different girls d) about 5 years, for every child Which child is MOST at risk for having mental health problems and getting into trouble during (and after) puberty? a) an early-maturing boy b) a late-maturing girl c) an early-maturing girl d) a late-maturing boy Gilda is now feeling sexual desire. Which hormone caused these changes? a) estrogens b) the hypothalamic hormone c) the pituitary hormone d) testosterone According to the research, which child is undergoing his or her FIRST sexual feelings? a) Olivia, age 13, who just reached menarche b) Mina, age 10, whose output of adrenal androgens has increased c) Pablo, age 14, who just fell in love d) Nahum, age 12, who recently had his first ejaculation Statistically speaking, which girl will reach puberty at the youngest age? a) Jadyn, who is overweight b) Debbe, whose parents were "average-aged developers" c) Ilya, who grew up in a loving, two-parent family d) Hae, an Asian American girl The FIRST hormone signaling puberty is in the _____. a) gonads b) testes c) hypothalamus d) pituitary glands After reading the text, Joanne is comparing first menstruation reactions today in the West versus a few decades ago. Which statement can she make? a) Girls today are totally positive about this event. b) Society today celebrates this event. c) Girls today are more upset about this event. d) Mothers today are more likely to celebrate this event. Which is NOT a text suggestion with regard to puberty, parents, and schools? a) Pay more attention to what happens in the sixth and seventh grades. b) Address children's worries about puberty rather than just cautioning young people against getting pregnant or describing the biological facts. c) Teach children to respect their bodies from a young age. d) Don't discuss body changes, as this will make children too interested in having sex. Research suggests that early-maturing girls are apt to be more: a) socially withdrawn and emotionally isolated than their peers. b) well-adjusted and happier than their peers. c) academically advanced than their peers. d) depressed and get into trouble with "acting out" activities more than their peers. Which is a force that protects early-maturing girls from getting into trouble? a) not getting involved with younger friends b) living in a liberal society c) living in a rural area d) having close family relationships Eating disorders: a) are curable. b) all involve excessive dieting. c) affect boys as frequently as girls. d) are becoming much rarer. Which is NOT a true statement about teenage girls who have a positive body image? a) These teens care deeply about what other people think of them. b) These teens see being beautiful as taking care of their health. c) They are not interested in having perfect bodies. d) They have high self-esteem and self-efficacy. Which hormones program sexual desire? a) the adrenal androgens, estrogen, and testosterone b) the adrenal androgens and estrogen c) the adrenal androgens and testosterone d) testosterone and estrogen That distressing teenage pubertal change—acne—is caused by which hormone(s)? a) testosterone for both boys and girls b) estrogen for both boys and girls c) testosterone for boys and estrogen for girls d) testosterone and estrogen for both sexes Generalizing from the text, which teen is MOST likely to feel unhappy with his or her weight? a) a fraternal twin girl b) an identical twin boy c) a fraternal twin boy d) an identical twin girl Anthony is devising a questionnaire to predict which teens flourish. Based on the text, what question should NOT be on his list? a) Does this child totally avoid risky behaviors? b) Does this child have a positive adult mentor? c) Does this child feel academically successful and connected to school? d) Does this child have good executive functions? When Sheila walks to the lunchroom, she thinks that everyone is evaluating every move she makes. According to David Elkind, Shelia is showing signs of: a) the imaginary audience. b) narcissism. c) egotistic thinking. d) the personal fable. Neema was highly intellectual and self-confident in elementary school. As she travels into high school (in a normal public school) and finds herself in the "brains crowd," Neema might become: a) much happier. b) very isolated and depressed. c) less popular and self-confident. d) more popular and self-confident. Dija, an adolescent girl, wears only black, puts on gobs of eyeliner, and dyes her hair blue. This behavior signals what? a) allowing Dija to easily find people who are different from her b) demonstrating a serious lack of adult role models in Dija's life c) sending a message about the kind of person Dija is d) making a statement that "I'm just like everyone else." When G. Stanley Hall described adolescence as a time of "storm and stress," he meant that teenagers: a) put society under a lot of stress. b) are moody, sensitive, and prone to take risks. c) have a stressful life. d) cause parents a lot of stress. As you are taking this test, it's so, so easy to look at the next person's answers, but you decide, "No." Using Kohlberg's categories, pick out the correct level of moral reasoning: (1) "I won't because I might get caught"; (2) "I won't because I believe that cheating is morally wrong"; (3) "I won't because I took a pledge to uphold the school's honor code." a) (1) preconventional; (2) postconventional; (3) conventional b) (1) conventional; (2) preconventional; (3) postconventional c) (1) preconventional; (2) conventional; (3) postconventional d) (1) conventional; (2) postconventional; (3) preconventional Parents can expect a more harmonious relationship with their teenage daughters during the daughters' _____. a) mid- to later adolescence b) thirties c) emerging adulthood d) early adolescence Youth development programs that promote thriving have which virtue? a) allowing teens to enhance peer relationships b) providing mundane activities that pass the time c) ignore teens' desires to feel to connected to others d) being tailored to only one gender, as mixing girls and boys can promote problems Adolescence: a) has been a life stage only since the seventeenth century. b) is a life stage for all people around the world. c) has been a life stage throughout history, over many centuries. d) is a result of people who lived in the twentieth-century developed world. Dr. Abstinence is lecturing about the prevalence of alcohol and drug use among today's teens. According to the text, she should say: a) "Very few teens drink and use drugs." b) "A significant minority of teens drink, but only a very small fraction use drugs." c) "A significant minority of teens both drink and use drugs." d) "Almost all teens drink and use drugs." Jonelle is a happy, healthy, well-adjusted teen. Based on the research, Jonelle would be expected to: a) engage in some risk-taking behaviors. b) be so well behaved and virtuous that she is called a "goody goody." c) avoid risk-taking behaviors. d) become involved in seriously dangerous behaviors. Which of the following qualities is MOST likely to occur during the teens? a) feeling upbeat about life b) suicidal feelings c) drug abuse d) depression Adolescence became a defined life stage in the United States when: a) President Franklin Roosevelt encouraged universal high school attendance. b) Jean Piaget identified formal operational thinking as a separate stage. c) Sigmund Freud developed his theories in the early 1900s. d) the baby boom generation rebelled against the establishment. In impoverished countries, some teens have: a) an extended adolescence since there will be little waiting for them as adults. b) no adolescence, as they may be forced from a young age to survive without adult protection. c) governments that routinely care deeply about high school, even more so than in the developed world. d) such close family ties that they don't need to find work outside of the family or go to school. Which change is NOT unique to formal operations? a) approaching problems scientifically b) logically arguing both sides of an issue c) reasoning about things that are not real d) understanding the meanings of new words Which teenage stereotype is FALSE? a) Teenagers are more sensitive to what their friends think than adults. b) Teenagers are more emotional than adults. c) Most teens drink and abuse drugs. d) Teenagers are more prone to take risks when in a group of peers. Seth is intensely involved in his high-school drama club. Based on the research, has Seth made a good choice? a) No; getting involved in this club will take time away from his schoolwork. b) It may be an okay choice, but only if Seth gets starring roles in productions. c) Yes; heavy participation in school clubs can have long-term positive effects. d) It may be a problem if Seth decides to become an actor. Samantha and her five best female buddies are her: a) gathering. b) gang. c) clique. d) crowd. Research has shown that being suspended from school results in _____. a) later delinquency b) increased arrest rates c) reduced delinquency d) later incarceration Children at risk of having a troubled adolescence tend to be: a) well behaved in elementary school. b) alienated from their parents and have impulse-control issues. c) set up for a life of crime. d) from "good" homes, but who fall in with the wrong crowd. Dev's school is considering offering more programs in the arts. Based on the research, has the school made a good decision? a) No; these programs tend to interfere with academic performance. b) Yes; but only for students who are artistically talented. c) There's no way to know because there is no research addressing this question. d) Yes; these programs can help boost academic interest and performance. Ayana is arguing that Kohlberg's moral reasoning scale is not valid (that is, it does not accurately reflect real-world morality). Based specifically on the text critique, which is NOT a critique Ayana can make? a) "The way people talk in abstract situations is different from how they act." b) "Everyone routinely cheats and lies." c) "Unlike what Kohlberg believes, very young children show moral thought." d) "The most prosocial people only score at average levels on Kohlberg's tests." Jayden is 14 years old. Compared to a 24-year-old, Jayden should have which quality? a) being more prone to get into trouble when alone b) more understanding of different perspectives and points of view c) terrible worries about what other people think d) an intense fear of social events A parent tells a psychologist friend, "My 16-year-old son got arrested for stealing because he fell into a 'bad guys' crowd." According to the text, what should the psychologist think? a) This parent is correct because bad crowds make good kids do illegal things when the kids would otherwise not get into trouble. b) The crowd had no impact on the child's illegal behavior. c) This behavior is found in boys, but not in girls. d) The crowd did encourage this illegal act, but the child also probably chose this crowd because he was already having problems in life. The U.S. justice system's current approach to teens should be described as: a) punitive. b) science-based. c) fair and reasonable. d) lax. At what age are parents FIRST apt to grant their teens more autonomy? a) marriage b) early adolescence c) college d) mid- to later adolescence A student who has read the chapter states that the labeling of teenagers as biologically (or neurologically) "out of control" neglects many realities. Which is NOT a reality this student can state? a) Family members treat teenagers particularly badly today. b) Teenage rebellion "issues" are partly a natural function of having a poor puberty-environment fit. c) Adults also act in impulsive and immature ways. d) Teenagers are artificially treated as children for too long. The text's criticisms of Kohlberg's moral reasoning scale all relate to which measurement concept? a) reliability b) validity c) accuracy d) morality Dr. Justice is arguing against the 2018 trend to try teenagers as though they were adults. Drawing on the text, which is NOT an argument he can make against this practice? a) Putting teens in jail costs more than putting them in juvenile detention. b) It does nothing to deter future criminal acts. c) This trend does not take into account the fact that, at this age, the frontal lobes are still "immature." d) Criminalizing delinquent behavior ignores the fact that risk taking is part of the normal adolescent experience. The HIGHEST status crowds in U.S. public high schools are often the: a) jocks and brains. b) jocks and popular kids. c) rebels and jocks. d) rebels and brains. A typical 13-year-old is asked, "What is your most important priority?" Research suggests that this person would MOST likely answer: a) "Being athletic." b) "Being popular." c) "Being a good student." d) "Having friends." When people enter formal operations, they can do which of the following? a) reason only about real things b) enter a zone of proximal development c) reason illogically about abstract ideas d) think like "true scientists" Bowdie used to be a model child, but since he hit puberty, he's been getting into trouble and was recently suspended from school. His frantic parents ask, "Is my son destined for problems as an adult?" According to the text, what is the BEST reply? a) "Sorry, yes. The way kids behave as teens offers a good preview of their adult life, so you need to take action now and in the future, too." b) "Don't worry. Children who act out as adolescents always end up just fine, so just hang in and endure these next few years." c) "Sorry, yes—but only because your child is a boy." d) "There is a reasonable chance he'll be fine. The fact that your son is only getting into trouble at this life stage suggests this may be adolescent-limited turmoil." At what age can parents expect children to become more secretive and distant? a) during college b) when a child gets married c) early adolescence d) mid- to later adolescence Ms. Jones asks if her child should attend an afterschool program at the local Y. Based on the text, how should a school counselor respond? a) "Go for it, as these programs really work." b) "Make sure that the program involves a lot of physical activity." c) "Forget it, as these programs do nothing to help teens." d) "First find out if the program is well structured and supervised." A research procedure designed to capture moment-to-moment experiences by having people carry pagers and take notes describing their activities and emotions whenever the signal sounds is referred to as: a) the pendulum apparatus. b) an experiment. c) a correlational design. d) experience-sampling technique. When the "bad boys" get together, they laugh and boast about doing antisocial things. A developmentalist can make which statement? a) This activity promotes insecure attachments.