INSTRUCTOR'S MANUAL
Jake Kerby Brian Bagatto
Jeanette McGuire
Biological Science FIFTH EDITION Scott Freeman Kim Quillin Liza beth Allison iii Contents CHAPTER 1 Biology and the Tree of Life 1
CHAPTER 2 Water and Carbon: The Chemical Basis of Life 9
CHAPTER 3 Protein Structure and Function 23
CHAPTER 4 Nucleic Acids and the RNA World 29
CHAPTER 5 An Introduction to Carbohydrates 37
CHAPTER 6 Lipids, Membranes, and the First Cells 47
CHAPTER 7 Inside the Cell 55
CHAPTER 8 Energy and Enzymes: An Introduction to Metabolic Pathways 68
CHAPTER 9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation 76
CHAPTER 10 Photosynthesis 87
CHAPTER 11 Cell-Cell Interactions 98
CHAPTER 12 The Cell Cycle 105
CHAPTER 13 Meiosis 115
CHAPTER 14 Mendel and the Gene 123
CHAPTER 15 DNA and the Gene: Synthesis and Repair 136
CHAPTER 16 How Genes Work 143
CHAPTER 17 Transcription, RNA Pro cessing, and Translation 150
CHAPTER 18 Control of Gene Expression in Bacteria 165
CHAPTER 19 Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes 172
CHAPTER 20 Analyzing and Engineering Genes 184
CHAPTER 21 Genomics and Beyond 197
CHAPTER 22 Principles of Development 207
CHAPTER 23 An Introduction to Animal Development 220
CHAPTER 24 An Introduction to Plant Development 228
CHAPTER 25 Evolution by Natural Selection 235 iv CONTENTSCHAPTER 26 Evolutionary Processes 243
CHAPTER 27 Speciation 253
CHAPTER 28 Phylogenies and the History of Life 260
CHAPTER 29 Bacteria and Archaea 267
CHAPTER 30 Protists 278
CHAPTER 31 Green Algae and Land Plants 289
CHAPTER 32 Fungi 302
CHAPTER 33 An Introduction to Animals 314
CHAPTER 34 Protostome Animals 324
CHAPTER 35 Deuterostome Animals 336
CHAPTER 36 Viruses 350
CHAPTER 37 Plant Form and Function 361
CHAPTER 38 Water and Sugar Transport in Plants 371
CHAPTER 39 Plant Nutrition 381
CHAPTER 40 Plant Sensory Systems, Signals, and Responses 390
CHAPTER 41 Plant Reproduction 404
CHAPTER 42 Animal Form and Function 412
CHAPTER 43 Water and Electrolyte Balance in Animals 423
CHAPTER 44 Animal Nutrition 433
CHAPTER 45 Gas Exchange and Circulation 445
CHAPTER 46 Animal Nervous Systems 457
CHAPTER 47 Animal Sensory Systems 475
CHAPTER 48 Animal Movement 487
CHAPTER 49 Chemical Signals in Animals 497
CHAPTER 50 Animal Reproduction 511
CHAPTER 51 The Immune System in Animals 522
CHAPTER 52 An Introduction to Ecology 534
CHAPTER 53 Behavioral Ecology 547
CHAPTER 54 Population Ecology 555
CHAPTER 55 Community Ecology 564
CHAPTER 56 Ecosystems and Global Ecology 575
CHAPTER 57 Biodiversity and Conservation Biology 584 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 CHAPTER 1 Biology and the Tree of Life Learning Objectives: Students should be able to... •Name five fundamental characteristics shared by all living organism s.
•
Describe the two components of the cell theory .
•
Briefly explain the theory of natural selection, and explain to whom natural selection
occurs and what the results of that selection m
ust include (e.g., Mu st the variation be
heritable?).
•
Read a phylogenetic tree, and understand th e role of similarities and differences in
constructing phy
logenetic trees.
•
Describe what biologists do⎯that is, how they approach problems and why they do
experim
ents.
Lecture Outline I. What Does It Mean to Say That Something Is Alive?
A.All living organisms share five fundame ntal traits:
1.Organism
s acquire and use energy .
2.Organism
s are made up of memb rane-bound cells.
3.Organism
s have hereditary in formation encoded in genes.
4.Organism
s can reproduce.
5.Populatio
ns of organisms evolve.
II. The Cell Theory
A.Statement of the cell theory: All organisms are made of cells, and all cells come from
preexisting cells.
1.Theories—ex
planations for phenomena or observations that are supported by
evidence.
B.Are all organ
isms made of cells?
1.Cells wer
e first described and identified in cork tissue (Hooke, 1665) and in water and
a variety of living tissues (van Leeuwenhoek). (Fig. 1.1)
2.Scientists have examined thousands of plant and animal samples and have conclu ded
that all organis
ms are comp osed of cells.
3.A cell is an organized co
mpartment bounded by a thin, flexible plasma memb rane and
containing concentrated che
micals in an aqueous solution.
4.Most che
mical reactions im portant to life occur inside cells.
Jake Kerby Brian Bagatto
Jeanette McGuire
Biological Science FIFTH EDITION Scott Freeman Kim Quillin Liza beth Allison iii Contents CHAPTER 1 Biology and the Tree of Life 1
CHAPTER 2 Water and Carbon: The Chemical Basis of Life 9
CHAPTER 3 Protein Structure and Function 23
CHAPTER 4 Nucleic Acids and the RNA World 29
CHAPTER 5 An Introduction to Carbohydrates 37
CHAPTER 6 Lipids, Membranes, and the First Cells 47
CHAPTER 7 Inside the Cell 55
CHAPTER 8 Energy and Enzymes: An Introduction to Metabolic Pathways 68
CHAPTER 9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation 76
CHAPTER 10 Photosynthesis 87
CHAPTER 11 Cell-Cell Interactions 98
CHAPTER 12 The Cell Cycle 105
CHAPTER 13 Meiosis 115
CHAPTER 14 Mendel and the Gene 123
CHAPTER 15 DNA and the Gene: Synthesis and Repair 136
CHAPTER 16 How Genes Work 143
CHAPTER 17 Transcription, RNA Pro cessing, and Translation 150
CHAPTER 18 Control of Gene Expression in Bacteria 165
CHAPTER 19 Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes 172
CHAPTER 20 Analyzing and Engineering Genes 184
CHAPTER 21 Genomics and Beyond 197
CHAPTER 22 Principles of Development 207
CHAPTER 23 An Introduction to Animal Development 220
CHAPTER 24 An Introduction to Plant Development 228
CHAPTER 25 Evolution by Natural Selection 235 iv CONTENTSCHAPTER 26 Evolutionary Processes 243
CHAPTER 27 Speciation 253
CHAPTER 28 Phylogenies and the History of Life 260
CHAPTER 29 Bacteria and Archaea 267
CHAPTER 30 Protists 278
CHAPTER 31 Green Algae and Land Plants 289
CHAPTER 32 Fungi 302
CHAPTER 33 An Introduction to Animals 314
CHAPTER 34 Protostome Animals 324
CHAPTER 35 Deuterostome Animals 336
CHAPTER 36 Viruses 350
CHAPTER 37 Plant Form and Function 361
CHAPTER 38 Water and Sugar Transport in Plants 371
CHAPTER 39 Plant Nutrition 381
CHAPTER 40 Plant Sensory Systems, Signals, and Responses 390
CHAPTER 41 Plant Reproduction 404
CHAPTER 42 Animal Form and Function 412
CHAPTER 43 Water and Electrolyte Balance in Animals 423
CHAPTER 44 Animal Nutrition 433
CHAPTER 45 Gas Exchange and Circulation 445
CHAPTER 46 Animal Nervous Systems 457
CHAPTER 47 Animal Sensory Systems 475
CHAPTER 48 Animal Movement 487
CHAPTER 49 Chemical Signals in Animals 497
CHAPTER 50 Animal Reproduction 511
CHAPTER 51 The Immune System in Animals 522
CHAPTER 52 An Introduction to Ecology 534
CHAPTER 53 Behavioral Ecology 547
CHAPTER 54 Population Ecology 555
CHAPTER 55 Community Ecology 564
CHAPTER 56 Ecosystems and Global Ecology 575
CHAPTER 57 Biodiversity and Conservation Biology 584 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 CHAPTER 1 Biology and the Tree of Life Learning Objectives: Students should be able to... •Name five fundamental characteristics shared by all living organism s.
•
Describe the two components of the cell theory .
•
Briefly explain the theory of natural selection, and explain to whom natural selection
occurs and what the results of that selection m
ust include (e.g., Mu st the variation be
heritable?).
•
Read a phylogenetic tree, and understand th e role of similarities and differences in
constructing phy
logenetic trees.
•
Describe what biologists do⎯that is, how they approach problems and why they do
experim
ents.
Lecture Outline I. What Does It Mean to Say That Something Is Alive?
A.All living organisms share five fundame ntal traits:
1.Organism
s acquire and use energy .
2.Organism
s are made up of memb rane-bound cells.
3.Organism
s have hereditary in formation encoded in genes.
4.Organism
s can reproduce.
5.Populatio
ns of organisms evolve.
II. The Cell Theory
A.Statement of the cell theory: All organisms are made of cells, and all cells come from
preexisting cells.
1.Theories—ex
planations for phenomena or observations that are supported by
evidence.
B.Are all organ
isms made of cells?
1.Cells wer
e first described and identified in cork tissue (Hooke, 1665) and in water and
a variety of living tissues (van Leeuwenhoek). (Fig. 1.1)
2.Scientists have examined thousands of plant and animal samples and have conclu ded
that all organis
ms are comp osed of cells.
3.A cell is an organized co
mpartment bounded by a thin, flexible plasma memb rane and
containing concentrated che
micals in an aqueous solution.
4.Most che
mical reactions im portant to life occur inside cells.
