Publisher:
CARAVAN BOOK HOUSE, LAHORE
9CHEMISTRY All rights (Copy right etc.) are reserved with the publisher. Approved by the Federal Ministry of Education (Curriculum Wing), Islamabad, according to the National Curriculum 2006 under the National Textbook and Learning Materials Policy 2007. N.O.C. F.2-2/2010-Chem. Dated 2-12-2010. This book has also been published by Punjab Textbook Board under a print licence arrangement for free distribution in all Government School in Punjab. No part of this book can be copied in any form especially guides, help books etc., without the written permission of the publisher.
The Caravan Book HouseThe Caravan Book HouseThe Caravan Book House
Kachehri Road, LahorePrepared by:Dr. Jaleel Tariq
Dr. Irshad Ahmad ChathaAuthors:Unit 1 Fundamentals of Chemistry 1
Unit 2 Structure of Atoms 27
Unit 3 Periodic Table and Periodicity of Properties 44
Unit 4 Structure of Molecules 58
Unit 5 Physical States of Matter 75
Unit 6 Solutions 96
Unit 7 Electrochemistry 113
Unit 8 Chemical Reactivity 138CONTENTS
Designed by: Sakhawat Hussain Chapter1
Major Concepts 1.1 Branches of Chemistry
1.2 Basic Definitions
1.3 Chemical species
1.4 Avogadro' s Number and Mole
1.5 Chemical Calculations
Students Learning Outcomes
Students will be able to:
• Identify and provide examples of different branches of chemistry.
• Differentiate among branches of chemistry.
• Distinguish between matter and a substance.
• Define ions, molecular ions, formula units and free radicals.
• Define atomic number, atomic mass, atomic mass unit.
• Differentiate among elements, compounds and mixtures.
• Define relative atomic mass based on C-12 scale.
• Differentiate between empirical and molecular formula.
• Distinguish between atoms and ions.
• Differentiate between molecules and molecular ions.
• Distinguish between ion and free radicals.
• Classify the chemical species from given examples.
• Identify the representative particles of elements and compounds.
• Relate gram atomic mass, gram molecular mass and gram formula mass to
mole.
• Describe how Avogadro's number is related to a mole of any substance.
• Distinguish among the terms gram atomic mass, gram molecular mass and
gram formula mass.
• Change atomic mass, molecular mass and formula mass into gram atomic
mass, gram molecular mass and gram formula mass. Fundamentals of Chemistry
Time allocation
Teaching periods 12
Assessment periods 03
Weightage 10% Unit 1: Fundamentals of Chemistry Chemistry - IX
Introduction The knowledge that provides understanding of this world and how it works, is science. The branch of science which deals with the composition, structur e, properties and reactions of matter is called chemistry. It deals with every aspect of our life. The development of science and technology has provided us a lot of facilities in daily life. Imagine the role and importance of petrochemical products, medicines and drugs, soap, detergents, paper, plastics, paints and pigments, insecticides, pesticides which all are fruit of the efforts of chemists. The development of chemical industry has also generated toxic wastes, contaminated water and polluted air around us. On the other hand, chemistry also provides knowledge and techniques to improve our health and environment and to explore and to conserve the natural resources. In this chapter, we will study about different branches of chemistry, basic definitions and concepts of chemistry.
1.1 BRANCHES OF CHEMISTRY It is a fact that we live in the world of chemicals. We all depend upon different living organisms which require water, oxygen or carbon dioxide for their survival. Today chemistry has a wide scope in all aspects of life and is serving the humanity day and night. Chemistry is divided into following main branches: physical chemistry, organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, biochemistry, industrial chemistry, nuclear chemistry, environmental chemistry and analytical chemistry.
1.1.1 Physical Chemistry Physical Chemistry is defined as the branch of chemistry that deals with the relationship between the composition and physical properties of matter along with the changes in them. The properties such as structure of atoms or formation of molecules behavior of gases, liquids and solids and the study of the effect of temperature or radiation on matter are studied under this branch.
1.1.2 Organic Chemistry Organic Chemistry is the study of covalent compounds of carbon and hydrogen (hydrocarbons) and their derivatives. Organic compounds occur naturally and are also synthesized in the laboratories. Organic chemists determine the structure and properties of these naturally occurring as well as synthesized compounds. Scope of this branch covers petroleum, petrochemicals and pharmaceutical industries.
1.1.3 Inorganic Chemistry Inorganic chemistry deals with the study of all elements and their compounds except those of compounds of carbon and hydrogen (hydrocarbons) and their derivatives. It has applications in every aspect of the chemical industry such as glass, cement, ceramics and metallurgy (extraction of metals from ores).2
CARAVAN BOOK HOUSE, LAHORE
9CHEMISTRY All rights (Copy right etc.) are reserved with the publisher. Approved by the Federal Ministry of Education (Curriculum Wing), Islamabad, according to the National Curriculum 2006 under the National Textbook and Learning Materials Policy 2007. N.O.C. F.2-2/2010-Chem. Dated 2-12-2010. This book has also been published by Punjab Textbook Board under a print licence arrangement for free distribution in all Government School in Punjab. No part of this book can be copied in any form especially guides, help books etc., without the written permission of the publisher.
The Caravan Book HouseThe Caravan Book HouseThe Caravan Book House
Kachehri Road, LahorePrepared by:Dr. Jaleel Tariq
Dr. Irshad Ahmad ChathaAuthors:Unit 1 Fundamentals of Chemistry 1
Unit 2 Structure of Atoms 27
Unit 3 Periodic Table and Periodicity of Properties 44
Unit 4 Structure of Molecules 58
Unit 5 Physical States of Matter 75
Unit 6 Solutions 96
Unit 7 Electrochemistry 113
Unit 8 Chemical Reactivity 138CONTENTS
Designed by: Sakhawat Hussain Chapter1
Major Concepts 1.1 Branches of Chemistry
1.2 Basic Definitions
1.3 Chemical species
1.4 Avogadro' s Number and Mole
1.5 Chemical Calculations
Students Learning Outcomes
Students will be able to:
• Identify and provide examples of different branches of chemistry.
• Differentiate among branches of chemistry.
• Distinguish between matter and a substance.
• Define ions, molecular ions, formula units and free radicals.
• Define atomic number, atomic mass, atomic mass unit.
• Differentiate among elements, compounds and mixtures.
• Define relative atomic mass based on C-12 scale.
• Differentiate between empirical and molecular formula.
• Distinguish between atoms and ions.
• Differentiate between molecules and molecular ions.
• Distinguish between ion and free radicals.
• Classify the chemical species from given examples.
• Identify the representative particles of elements and compounds.
• Relate gram atomic mass, gram molecular mass and gram formula mass to
mole.
• Describe how Avogadro's number is related to a mole of any substance.
• Distinguish among the terms gram atomic mass, gram molecular mass and
gram formula mass.
• Change atomic mass, molecular mass and formula mass into gram atomic
mass, gram molecular mass and gram formula mass. Fundamentals of Chemistry
Time allocation
Teaching periods 12
Assessment periods 03
Weightage 10% Unit 1: Fundamentals of Chemistry Chemistry - IX
Introduction The knowledge that provides understanding of this world and how it works, is science. The branch of science which deals with the composition, structur e, properties and reactions of matter is called chemistry. It deals with every aspect of our life. The development of science and technology has provided us a lot of facilities in daily life. Imagine the role and importance of petrochemical products, medicines and drugs, soap, detergents, paper, plastics, paints and pigments, insecticides, pesticides which all are fruit of the efforts of chemists. The development of chemical industry has also generated toxic wastes, contaminated water and polluted air around us. On the other hand, chemistry also provides knowledge and techniques to improve our health and environment and to explore and to conserve the natural resources. In this chapter, we will study about different branches of chemistry, basic definitions and concepts of chemistry.
1.1 BRANCHES OF CHEMISTRY It is a fact that we live in the world of chemicals. We all depend upon different living organisms which require water, oxygen or carbon dioxide for their survival. Today chemistry has a wide scope in all aspects of life and is serving the humanity day and night. Chemistry is divided into following main branches: physical chemistry, organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, biochemistry, industrial chemistry, nuclear chemistry, environmental chemistry and analytical chemistry.
1.1.1 Physical Chemistry Physical Chemistry is defined as the branch of chemistry that deals with the relationship between the composition and physical properties of matter along with the changes in them. The properties such as structure of atoms or formation of molecules behavior of gases, liquids and solids and the study of the effect of temperature or radiation on matter are studied under this branch.
1.1.2 Organic Chemistry Organic Chemistry is the study of covalent compounds of carbon and hydrogen (hydrocarbons) and their derivatives. Organic compounds occur naturally and are also synthesized in the laboratories. Organic chemists determine the structure and properties of these naturally occurring as well as synthesized compounds. Scope of this branch covers petroleum, petrochemicals and pharmaceutical industries.
1.1.3 Inorganic Chemistry Inorganic chemistry deals with the study of all elements and their compounds except those of compounds of carbon and hydrogen (hydrocarbons) and their derivatives. It has applications in every aspect of the chemical industry such as glass, cement, ceramics and metallurgy (extraction of metals from ores).2
