BIO 182 Exam #3 Study Guide. With
Complete Solution, 100% correct. Updated
2024/5.
Understand the phylogenetic tree of the three Domains of life. How are they related to each other?
(Where are the branches, what is closer related to what?)
What Domain of prokaryotes are the extremophiles?
Korarchaeota
-Primarily known from DNA samples of hot springs
Euryachaeota
-Methane producers, extreme halophiles, and some hyperthermophiles
Crenarchaeota
-Grow in extreme hot or cold and others in widespread terrestrial and aquatic habitats
Thaumarchaeota
-Species that oxidize ammonia are important in global nitrogen cycling
Lokiarchaeota
-Particularly close evolutionary relationship to Eukarya
What are some common features that Archaea share with Eukaryotic organisms?
What are cyanobacteria? What makes them a special group of Bacteria?
Cyanobacteria is Photosynthetic bacteria abundant in fresh water, oceans and wetlands and on surfaces
of arid soils. And the are special because they are the only prokaryotes that generate oxygen as a
product of photosynthesis
Be able to explain what horizontal gene transfer is, and the problems that it makes for understanding
bacterial phylogenies.
Horizontal gene transfer is the movement of one or more genes from one species to another
What are the 4 major shapes of bacterial cells? Be able to identify them.
Spheres - cocci
Rods - bacilli
Comma-shaped - vibrios
Spiral-shaped - spirochaetes are flexible, while spirilli are rigid
What are the two major structures for motility in bacteria?
Flagella- Swimming.
Pili- twitch or glide across surfaces.
How do bacteria reproduce?
, binary fission- divide by splitting into two
Be able to tell me the energy source and carbon source for the four major modes of nutrition.
Photoautotroph
Uses light as energy source for synthesis of organic compounds from CO2 or H2S
Chemoautotrophs
Use energy obtained from chemical modification
of inorganic compounds to synthesize organic compounds
Photoheterotroph
Able to use light energy to make ATP but they must take in organic compounds from the environment
Chemoorganotroph
Must obtain organic molecules for both energy and carbon source
What are the 4 major classification of responses to oxygen seen in bacteria?
Obligate aerobes - require oxygen
Facultative aerobes - can use oxygen or not
Obligate anaerobes - cannot tolerate oxygen
Aerotolerant anaerobes - do not use oxygen but are not poisoned by it
Explain bioremediation.
Bioremediation is the use of organisms to remove pollutants from
water,
air, and
soil.
Understand and be able to explain some examples of both positive and negative symbiotic
relationships bacteria have with their hosts.
Symbiosis
An organism that lives in close association with one or more other organisms
Parasitism
One partner benefits at the expense of the other
Mutualism
Association is beneficial to both partners
What are protists? What are the 3 major groups of protists? How are the 3 major groups related to the
other 3 kingdoms of eukaryotic organisms?
Protists are Eukaryotes that are not classified in the plant, animal, or fungal kingdoms
Three major groups:
Algae - generally photoautotrophic
Protozoa - heterotrophic
Fungus-like - resemble fungi in body form
and absorptive nutrition
What are the 4 major types of nutrition that protists show?
Complete Solution, 100% correct. Updated
2024/5.
Understand the phylogenetic tree of the three Domains of life. How are they related to each other?
(Where are the branches, what is closer related to what?)
What Domain of prokaryotes are the extremophiles?
Korarchaeota
-Primarily known from DNA samples of hot springs
Euryachaeota
-Methane producers, extreme halophiles, and some hyperthermophiles
Crenarchaeota
-Grow in extreme hot or cold and others in widespread terrestrial and aquatic habitats
Thaumarchaeota
-Species that oxidize ammonia are important in global nitrogen cycling
Lokiarchaeota
-Particularly close evolutionary relationship to Eukarya
What are some common features that Archaea share with Eukaryotic organisms?
What are cyanobacteria? What makes them a special group of Bacteria?
Cyanobacteria is Photosynthetic bacteria abundant in fresh water, oceans and wetlands and on surfaces
of arid soils. And the are special because they are the only prokaryotes that generate oxygen as a
product of photosynthesis
Be able to explain what horizontal gene transfer is, and the problems that it makes for understanding
bacterial phylogenies.
Horizontal gene transfer is the movement of one or more genes from one species to another
What are the 4 major shapes of bacterial cells? Be able to identify them.
Spheres - cocci
Rods - bacilli
Comma-shaped - vibrios
Spiral-shaped - spirochaetes are flexible, while spirilli are rigid
What are the two major structures for motility in bacteria?
Flagella- Swimming.
Pili- twitch or glide across surfaces.
How do bacteria reproduce?
, binary fission- divide by splitting into two
Be able to tell me the energy source and carbon source for the four major modes of nutrition.
Photoautotroph
Uses light as energy source for synthesis of organic compounds from CO2 or H2S
Chemoautotrophs
Use energy obtained from chemical modification
of inorganic compounds to synthesize organic compounds
Photoheterotroph
Able to use light energy to make ATP but they must take in organic compounds from the environment
Chemoorganotroph
Must obtain organic molecules for both energy and carbon source
What are the 4 major classification of responses to oxygen seen in bacteria?
Obligate aerobes - require oxygen
Facultative aerobes - can use oxygen or not
Obligate anaerobes - cannot tolerate oxygen
Aerotolerant anaerobes - do not use oxygen but are not poisoned by it
Explain bioremediation.
Bioremediation is the use of organisms to remove pollutants from
water,
air, and
soil.
Understand and be able to explain some examples of both positive and negative symbiotic
relationships bacteria have with their hosts.
Symbiosis
An organism that lives in close association with one or more other organisms
Parasitism
One partner benefits at the expense of the other
Mutualism
Association is beneficial to both partners
What are protists? What are the 3 major groups of protists? How are the 3 major groups related to the
other 3 kingdoms of eukaryotic organisms?
Protists are Eukaryotes that are not classified in the plant, animal, or fungal kingdoms
Three major groups:
Algae - generally photoautotrophic
Protozoa - heterotrophic
Fungus-like - resemble fungi in body form
and absorptive nutrition
What are the 4 major types of nutrition that protists show?
