Bio 182 Exam 4 (Exam Prep) 430 Questions and
Correct Answers, With Complete Solution.
Updated 2024/5.
what is a special characteristic of the male fiddler crab?
*asymmetrical (one giant claw one small claw)
what is the giant claw of the male fiddler crab used for?
*defense
*attracting or "waving to" the lady crabs
(drawback of this is that it is more easily seen by predators)
what is the small claw of the male fiddler crab used for?
eating
Niko Tinbergen
original investigator for animal behavior; came up with 4 questions regarding this
Niko Tinbergen's 4 questions
1. What stimulus elicits the behavior, and what physiological mechanisms mediate the response?
2. How does the animal's experience during growth and development influence the response?
3. How does the behavior aid survival and reproduction?
4. What is the behavior's evolutionary history?
proximate causation
"how" of animal behavior, Tinberg's questions 1 and 2
ultimate causation
"why" of animal behavior, Tinberg's questions 3 and 4
fixed action pattern
*a sequence of unlearned acts directly linked to a simple stimulus
*once they start, they're carried to completion (and if not they have to start over)
what is a fixed action pattern triggered by?
an external cue called a sign stimulus
example of fixed action pattern in stickle back fish
*these fish are territorial
*male fish have red bellies
,*stimulus for attack behavior: red belly of intruder
*in a study, the fish attacked only the models with red bellies
example of fixed action pattern in ants
ants carry dead ants into a "trash pile" but the chemicals from the dead ants end up on the live ants, so
they are mistaken for dead ants and also added to the "trash pile"
stimulus response chain
involves a response to each stimulus that is the stimulus for the next behavior
migration
a move over a long distance, round trip, where animals migrate due to weather and food resources
how are migratory origins determined within a species?
genetically
how do animals direct themselves in migration?
*position of the sun
*nocturnal animals can use the North Star position
*circadian rhythm
*Earth's magnetic field (for animals with magnetite in brain) (stronger at poles, weaker at equator)
what is an example of migration in grazers?
moving to a warmer environment in the winter so that their food doesn't get covered in snow
changing of seasons can ______ animal behavior
trigger
Ex: winter becoming spring is the optimal "egg laying season" for birds
some animal behavior is linked to lunar cycles, which affects _____
tidal movements
signal
some type of behavior that causes another type of animal to change its behavior in response
communication
transmission and reception of signals
what are the four types of communication?
1. visual
2. auditory
3. tactile
4. chemical
,how does fruit fly courtship utilize communication methods?
1. orientation: male orients himself so that female can see him (visual) female produces pheromone
which is species specific (chemical)
2. tapping: male moves behind female and taps her abdomen with his foot (tactile)
3. singing: male moves back to where female can see him and vibrates his wings to "sing" (auditory and
visual)
what is the goal of worker bees?
to find food and resources for the queen bee, the only one who will reproduce
how does the honeybee dance language utilize communication methods?
*queen has to communicate to worker bees so they can find food
1. round dance: indicates food is near
2. waggle dance, indicates food is distant
(# of "waggles" corresponds to distance needed to fly to obtain food)
Pheromones
Chemical signals released by an animal that communicate information and affect the behavior of other
animals of the same species. "a little goes a long way"
how do minnows use pheromones?
*when a minnow is injured, an alarm substance in their skin disperses in the water to warn the other fish
*other fish respond by huddling to protect themselves and each other and increase survival chance
explain the experiment performed on minnows in terms of pheromones
*minnows swam normally in a tank
*crushed scales were injected in the water which indicated an injured fish and set off an alarm to the
other fish
*the other fish huddle to protect themselves from the potential predator and increase their survival
chance
nocturnal animals rely on ____ and ____ communication
olfactory and auditory
diurnal animals rely on _____ and _____ communication
visual and auditory
innate behavior
something you are born knowing, pre-programmed information
Ex: babies knowing how to suckle
cross fostering study
places young of one species in the care of adults from another species
, what is the purpose of a cross-fostering study?
to help behavioral ecologists identify the contribution of environment to an animal's behavior.
describe the example of a cross-fostering study between California mice and white footed mice
*California mouse mom will raise white footed mouse babies and white footed mouse mom will raise
California mouse babies
*california mouse: "helicopter parent"
*white footed mouse: "chill parent"
*blending will occur (babies will develop some behaviors that are consistent with their foster parents
what is behavior a combination of?
nature (genetics) and nurture (environmental factors)
learning
modification of behavior based on experiences
imprinting
*example of learning that occurs during youth where the animal forms a bond designed to last for a
while
*an establishment of a long-lasting behavioral response to a particular individual or object
when does imprinting take place?
the sensitive period (this is when the connection is made)
Konrad Lorenz
*many waterfoul identify the first object they see moving away after hatching as "mama"
*Konrad Lorenz was near a nest of geese that hatched and mama goose was not there, so the babies
thought he was "mama"
*the geese imprinted on Lorenz
what was the original idea that conservation biologists came up with to save the whooping cranes and
what was the downside?
*cross fostering
*the down side was that the whooping cranes imprinted on the sand cranes (less likely for raising
population of whooping cranes since they are developing "nurture" aspects of a smaller bird)
what was the next method used by conservation biologists to save the whooping cranes?
*imprinting
*conservation biologists flew on a machine to imprint on whooping cranes to teach them safer flight
spatial learning
*based on experience with the spatial structure of the environment
*focuses on various structures in environment and how to navigate them
Correct Answers, With Complete Solution.
Updated 2024/5.
what is a special characteristic of the male fiddler crab?
*asymmetrical (one giant claw one small claw)
what is the giant claw of the male fiddler crab used for?
*defense
*attracting or "waving to" the lady crabs
(drawback of this is that it is more easily seen by predators)
what is the small claw of the male fiddler crab used for?
eating
Niko Tinbergen
original investigator for animal behavior; came up with 4 questions regarding this
Niko Tinbergen's 4 questions
1. What stimulus elicits the behavior, and what physiological mechanisms mediate the response?
2. How does the animal's experience during growth and development influence the response?
3. How does the behavior aid survival and reproduction?
4. What is the behavior's evolutionary history?
proximate causation
"how" of animal behavior, Tinberg's questions 1 and 2
ultimate causation
"why" of animal behavior, Tinberg's questions 3 and 4
fixed action pattern
*a sequence of unlearned acts directly linked to a simple stimulus
*once they start, they're carried to completion (and if not they have to start over)
what is a fixed action pattern triggered by?
an external cue called a sign stimulus
example of fixed action pattern in stickle back fish
*these fish are territorial
*male fish have red bellies
,*stimulus for attack behavior: red belly of intruder
*in a study, the fish attacked only the models with red bellies
example of fixed action pattern in ants
ants carry dead ants into a "trash pile" but the chemicals from the dead ants end up on the live ants, so
they are mistaken for dead ants and also added to the "trash pile"
stimulus response chain
involves a response to each stimulus that is the stimulus for the next behavior
migration
a move over a long distance, round trip, where animals migrate due to weather and food resources
how are migratory origins determined within a species?
genetically
how do animals direct themselves in migration?
*position of the sun
*nocturnal animals can use the North Star position
*circadian rhythm
*Earth's magnetic field (for animals with magnetite in brain) (stronger at poles, weaker at equator)
what is an example of migration in grazers?
moving to a warmer environment in the winter so that their food doesn't get covered in snow
changing of seasons can ______ animal behavior
trigger
Ex: winter becoming spring is the optimal "egg laying season" for birds
some animal behavior is linked to lunar cycles, which affects _____
tidal movements
signal
some type of behavior that causes another type of animal to change its behavior in response
communication
transmission and reception of signals
what are the four types of communication?
1. visual
2. auditory
3. tactile
4. chemical
,how does fruit fly courtship utilize communication methods?
1. orientation: male orients himself so that female can see him (visual) female produces pheromone
which is species specific (chemical)
2. tapping: male moves behind female and taps her abdomen with his foot (tactile)
3. singing: male moves back to where female can see him and vibrates his wings to "sing" (auditory and
visual)
what is the goal of worker bees?
to find food and resources for the queen bee, the only one who will reproduce
how does the honeybee dance language utilize communication methods?
*queen has to communicate to worker bees so they can find food
1. round dance: indicates food is near
2. waggle dance, indicates food is distant
(# of "waggles" corresponds to distance needed to fly to obtain food)
Pheromones
Chemical signals released by an animal that communicate information and affect the behavior of other
animals of the same species. "a little goes a long way"
how do minnows use pheromones?
*when a minnow is injured, an alarm substance in their skin disperses in the water to warn the other fish
*other fish respond by huddling to protect themselves and each other and increase survival chance
explain the experiment performed on minnows in terms of pheromones
*minnows swam normally in a tank
*crushed scales were injected in the water which indicated an injured fish and set off an alarm to the
other fish
*the other fish huddle to protect themselves from the potential predator and increase their survival
chance
nocturnal animals rely on ____ and ____ communication
olfactory and auditory
diurnal animals rely on _____ and _____ communication
visual and auditory
innate behavior
something you are born knowing, pre-programmed information
Ex: babies knowing how to suckle
cross fostering study
places young of one species in the care of adults from another species
, what is the purpose of a cross-fostering study?
to help behavioral ecologists identify the contribution of environment to an animal's behavior.
describe the example of a cross-fostering study between California mice and white footed mice
*California mouse mom will raise white footed mouse babies and white footed mouse mom will raise
California mouse babies
*california mouse: "helicopter parent"
*white footed mouse: "chill parent"
*blending will occur (babies will develop some behaviors that are consistent with their foster parents
what is behavior a combination of?
nature (genetics) and nurture (environmental factors)
learning
modification of behavior based on experiences
imprinting
*example of learning that occurs during youth where the animal forms a bond designed to last for a
while
*an establishment of a long-lasting behavioral response to a particular individual or object
when does imprinting take place?
the sensitive period (this is when the connection is made)
Konrad Lorenz
*many waterfoul identify the first object they see moving away after hatching as "mama"
*Konrad Lorenz was near a nest of geese that hatched and mama goose was not there, so the babies
thought he was "mama"
*the geese imprinted on Lorenz
what was the original idea that conservation biologists came up with to save the whooping cranes and
what was the downside?
*cross fostering
*the down side was that the whooping cranes imprinted on the sand cranes (less likely for raising
population of whooping cranes since they are developing "nurture" aspects of a smaller bird)
what was the next method used by conservation biologists to save the whooping cranes?
*imprinting
*conservation biologists flew on a machine to imprint on whooping cranes to teach them safer flight
spatial learning
*based on experience with the spatial structure of the environment
*focuses on various structures in environment and how to navigate them
