CBSE Class 12 Biology
Revision Notes
CHAPTER- 04
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
According to WHO, reproductive health means total well-being in all aspects of
reproduction i.e. physical, emotional, behavioral and social.
Reproductive Health: Problem and Strategies
•India was amongst the first countries in the world to initiate to the programme
“family planning” initiated in 1951.
•Reproductive health in a society forms a crucial part of general health.
•Improved programs covering wider reproduction-related areas are currently in
operation under the popular name ‘Reproductive and child health care (RCH)
program.’
•Health and education of young people and marriage and child bearing during more
mature stages of life are important attributes to the reproductive health of a society.
Measures taken by Goverenment :
•Through the help of audio-visuals & print media.
•Even family members, close relations are involved in the awareness.
•Sex education was introduced in schools to provide awareness
•Proper information about reproductive organs, adolescence & related changes , safe
& hygienic sexual practices, sexually transmitted diseases, AIDS etc.
Amniocentesis - It is a technique used to find out chromosomal abnormalities in
developing embryo by using amniotic fluid.
•It is also misused to check foetal sex determination based on the chromosomal
pattern in the amniotic fluid surrounding the developing embryo.
Population Explosion and Birth Control
Improved quality of life of people, increased health facilities and better living
, condition had an explosive impact on explosion of population.
•Rapid decline in death rate, MMR (maternal mortality rate) and IMR (infant
mortality rate) along with increase in population of reproductive age is the main
reason for population explosion.
Steps to overcome population explosion-
1. Using various contraceptive methods.
2. Educating people about the demerits of large family.
3. Increasing the marriageable age of female and male
4. Providing incentive to parents having 1or 2 children.
•Contraceptive methods are used to prevent the unwanted pregnancy and modifying
the menstrual cycle.
•An ideal contraceptive should be-
1. User friendly
2. Easily available
3. Effective
4. Reversible
5. No side effects
6. No way interferes with sexual desire and sexual act.
Contraceptive methods could be divided into following categories-
a) Natural or traditional methods
b) Barrier methods
c) IUDs
d) Oral contraceptive methods
e) Injectable
f) Implants
g) Surgical methods.
•Natural methods works on the principle of avoiding chances of ovum and sperm
meeting. It includes-
a) Periodic abstinence- the couples avoid coitus from day 10 to 17 of menstrual
cycle as chances of fertilisation are very high during this period, it is called the fertile
period.
b) Withdrawal or coitus interruptus – male partner withdraws penis from vagina
just before ejaculation to avoid insemination .
c) Lactational Amenorrhea – absence of menstruation after parturition and due to
Revision Notes
CHAPTER- 04
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
According to WHO, reproductive health means total well-being in all aspects of
reproduction i.e. physical, emotional, behavioral and social.
Reproductive Health: Problem and Strategies
•India was amongst the first countries in the world to initiate to the programme
“family planning” initiated in 1951.
•Reproductive health in a society forms a crucial part of general health.
•Improved programs covering wider reproduction-related areas are currently in
operation under the popular name ‘Reproductive and child health care (RCH)
program.’
•Health and education of young people and marriage and child bearing during more
mature stages of life are important attributes to the reproductive health of a society.
Measures taken by Goverenment :
•Through the help of audio-visuals & print media.
•Even family members, close relations are involved in the awareness.
•Sex education was introduced in schools to provide awareness
•Proper information about reproductive organs, adolescence & related changes , safe
& hygienic sexual practices, sexually transmitted diseases, AIDS etc.
Amniocentesis - It is a technique used to find out chromosomal abnormalities in
developing embryo by using amniotic fluid.
•It is also misused to check foetal sex determination based on the chromosomal
pattern in the amniotic fluid surrounding the developing embryo.
Population Explosion and Birth Control
Improved quality of life of people, increased health facilities and better living
, condition had an explosive impact on explosion of population.
•Rapid decline in death rate, MMR (maternal mortality rate) and IMR (infant
mortality rate) along with increase in population of reproductive age is the main
reason for population explosion.
Steps to overcome population explosion-
1. Using various contraceptive methods.
2. Educating people about the demerits of large family.
3. Increasing the marriageable age of female and male
4. Providing incentive to parents having 1or 2 children.
•Contraceptive methods are used to prevent the unwanted pregnancy and modifying
the menstrual cycle.
•An ideal contraceptive should be-
1. User friendly
2. Easily available
3. Effective
4. Reversible
5. No side effects
6. No way interferes with sexual desire and sexual act.
Contraceptive methods could be divided into following categories-
a) Natural or traditional methods
b) Barrier methods
c) IUDs
d) Oral contraceptive methods
e) Injectable
f) Implants
g) Surgical methods.
•Natural methods works on the principle of avoiding chances of ovum and sperm
meeting. It includes-
a) Periodic abstinence- the couples avoid coitus from day 10 to 17 of menstrual
cycle as chances of fertilisation are very high during this period, it is called the fertile
period.
b) Withdrawal or coitus interruptus – male partner withdraws penis from vagina
just before ejaculation to avoid insemination .
c) Lactational Amenorrhea – absence of menstruation after parturition and due to
