NUR 2063 / NUR2063: Essentials of Pathophysiology
Exam 2 (Latest Updated) Rasmussen
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) - ANSWER "Tap water" - causes kidneys to reabsorb
plain water and dilutes blood and other body fluids. Released from pituitary gland.
Antimicrobial Resistance - ANSWER Susceptible strains die, resistant strains
emerge following exposure to antibiotics, creating a drug-resistant infection.
Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema) - ANSWER Allergic skin response. Most common in
children; usually improves with age Lesions pruritic (itching), oozing, crusting,
coalescent papule; thickening of the skin or lichenification occurs. Atopy: "genetic
component".
Basophils - ANSWER Contain histamines, mediate type 1 allergic reactions, initiate
inflammation.
Bone Marrow - ANSWER Primary functions: Hematopoiesis (formation of blood
cells) Produce erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells) and
platelets
Cachexia - ANSWER Refers to an overall weight loss and generalized weakness.
Loss of appetite. Increased metabolic rate. Nausea/vomiting.
Calcium - ANSWER 9-11mg/dL; Basic Function: Bones/Muscle Excitation
Cancer Risk Factors - ANSWER Tobacco use Nutrition Obesity Sun exposure
(skin cancer) Sexual exposure to HPV (cervical cancer)
Cervical Cancer - ANSWER Caused by HPV. Pap-smear screening starts at 21
years old.
Compartment Syndrome - ANSWER Dangerous complication of soft-tissue injury.
Swelling in a confined space that produces dangerous pressure. May cut off blood
flow or damage sensitive tissue.
Complications of Fractures - ANSWER Delayed union: •Anywhere from 3 to 6
months after the fracture, bone pain and tenderness are continuously increasing
beyond the expected healing period. Malunion: •Improper alignment of fracture
fragments Nonunion: •Not healed by >6 months after a fracture Osteonecrosis
(avascular necrosis), osteomyelitis, and neurovascular injury may also occur.
Compartment Syndrome Fat Emboli Syndrome Deep vein thrombosis and
pulmonary embolism
Cortisol - ANSWER Steroid (glucocorticoid) that is used for production of glucose
for energy. Can cause immunosuppression.
, Dendritic Cells - ANSWER Capture and present antigens.
Edema - ANSWER Excess fluid in the interstitial compartment. May arise from
increased capillary hydrostatic pressure, increased interstitial fluid colloid osmotic
pressure, blockage of lymphatic drainage, or decreased capillary colloid osmotic
pressure.
Endorphins - ANSWER Raise the pain threshold (reduce pain) and produce
sedation and euphoria.
Fluid Volume Excess - ANSWER Caused by addition or retention of saline. Signs
& Symptoms: sudden weight gain, edema swelling, circulatory overload, crackling in
lungs, high blood pressure.
Fourth Degree Burn - ANSWER Full thickness with bone or muscle involvement.
General Adaptation Syndrome Stage 1 - ANSWER ALARM - occurs when body
first becomes aware of the stressor ("fight or flight").
General Adaptation Syndrome Stage 2 - ANSWER RESISTANCE (ADAPTATION)
- growth and repair of organism after stress abates.
General Adaptation Syndrome Stage 3 - ANSWER EXHAUSTION - Body is no
longer able to return to homeostasis after prolonged exposure to stressors.
Glucocorticoids - ANSWER Steroid hormones that are released from the adrenal
cortex in response to stressors.
Glycolysis - ANSWER Important provider of ATP under anaerobic conditions
because oxygen is not required or available, which may accompany respiratory and
cardiac disorders.
Gout - ANSWER Pain and inflammation occur when too much uric acid crystallizes
and deposits in the joints. Symptoms include severe pain, redness, and swelling in
joints, often the big toe. Attacks can come suddenly, often at night. Risk increases
with age.
Hemorrhagic Exudate - ANSWER Contains large amount of red blood cells.
Herniated Disk - ANSWER Inert soft tissue injury Irritation or entrapment of a nerve
causes pain that radiates along the structures innervated by that nerve
Herpes Zoster - ANSWER Shingles. Results from reactivation of the latent virus.
Symptoms disappear during latent stage. Eruption of painful vesicles with
erythematous bases typically unilateral; paresthesia's. Treatment: antiviral drugs,
vaccine, burrow compresses.
Exam 2 (Latest Updated) Rasmussen
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) - ANSWER "Tap water" - causes kidneys to reabsorb
plain water and dilutes blood and other body fluids. Released from pituitary gland.
Antimicrobial Resistance - ANSWER Susceptible strains die, resistant strains
emerge following exposure to antibiotics, creating a drug-resistant infection.
Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema) - ANSWER Allergic skin response. Most common in
children; usually improves with age Lesions pruritic (itching), oozing, crusting,
coalescent papule; thickening of the skin or lichenification occurs. Atopy: "genetic
component".
Basophils - ANSWER Contain histamines, mediate type 1 allergic reactions, initiate
inflammation.
Bone Marrow - ANSWER Primary functions: Hematopoiesis (formation of blood
cells) Produce erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells) and
platelets
Cachexia - ANSWER Refers to an overall weight loss and generalized weakness.
Loss of appetite. Increased metabolic rate. Nausea/vomiting.
Calcium - ANSWER 9-11mg/dL; Basic Function: Bones/Muscle Excitation
Cancer Risk Factors - ANSWER Tobacco use Nutrition Obesity Sun exposure
(skin cancer) Sexual exposure to HPV (cervical cancer)
Cervical Cancer - ANSWER Caused by HPV. Pap-smear screening starts at 21
years old.
Compartment Syndrome - ANSWER Dangerous complication of soft-tissue injury.
Swelling in a confined space that produces dangerous pressure. May cut off blood
flow or damage sensitive tissue.
Complications of Fractures - ANSWER Delayed union: •Anywhere from 3 to 6
months after the fracture, bone pain and tenderness are continuously increasing
beyond the expected healing period. Malunion: •Improper alignment of fracture
fragments Nonunion: •Not healed by >6 months after a fracture Osteonecrosis
(avascular necrosis), osteomyelitis, and neurovascular injury may also occur.
Compartment Syndrome Fat Emboli Syndrome Deep vein thrombosis and
pulmonary embolism
Cortisol - ANSWER Steroid (glucocorticoid) that is used for production of glucose
for energy. Can cause immunosuppression.
, Dendritic Cells - ANSWER Capture and present antigens.
Edema - ANSWER Excess fluid in the interstitial compartment. May arise from
increased capillary hydrostatic pressure, increased interstitial fluid colloid osmotic
pressure, blockage of lymphatic drainage, or decreased capillary colloid osmotic
pressure.
Endorphins - ANSWER Raise the pain threshold (reduce pain) and produce
sedation and euphoria.
Fluid Volume Excess - ANSWER Caused by addition or retention of saline. Signs
& Symptoms: sudden weight gain, edema swelling, circulatory overload, crackling in
lungs, high blood pressure.
Fourth Degree Burn - ANSWER Full thickness with bone or muscle involvement.
General Adaptation Syndrome Stage 1 - ANSWER ALARM - occurs when body
first becomes aware of the stressor ("fight or flight").
General Adaptation Syndrome Stage 2 - ANSWER RESISTANCE (ADAPTATION)
- growth and repair of organism after stress abates.
General Adaptation Syndrome Stage 3 - ANSWER EXHAUSTION - Body is no
longer able to return to homeostasis after prolonged exposure to stressors.
Glucocorticoids - ANSWER Steroid hormones that are released from the adrenal
cortex in response to stressors.
Glycolysis - ANSWER Important provider of ATP under anaerobic conditions
because oxygen is not required or available, which may accompany respiratory and
cardiac disorders.
Gout - ANSWER Pain and inflammation occur when too much uric acid crystallizes
and deposits in the joints. Symptoms include severe pain, redness, and swelling in
joints, often the big toe. Attacks can come suddenly, often at night. Risk increases
with age.
Hemorrhagic Exudate - ANSWER Contains large amount of red blood cells.
Herniated Disk - ANSWER Inert soft tissue injury Irritation or entrapment of a nerve
causes pain that radiates along the structures innervated by that nerve
Herpes Zoster - ANSWER Shingles. Results from reactivation of the latent virus.
Symptoms disappear during latent stage. Eruption of painful vesicles with
erythematous bases typically unilateral; paresthesia's. Treatment: antiviral drugs,
vaccine, burrow compresses.
