NUR 2063 / NUR2063: Essentials of Pathophysiology
Exam 2 (Latest Updated) Rasmussen
Symptoms - ANSWER Subjective characteristics of disease felt only by the patient
sign - ANSWER If the doctor, nurse, or anyone notice evidence of disease such as
a fever
Homeostasis - ANSWER A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal
state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around
a particular level
Epinephrine is released during a stress response True or False - ANSWER True;
Aka Adrenaline
function of mitochondria - ANSWER powerhouse of the cell, ATP production, and
Production of the cell energy.
The effective of the RAAS system -
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system - ANSWER is essential for long-term blood
pressure regulation. It involves a complex system of hormones, proteins and
enzymes.
vasodilation - ANSWER A widening and increase of the diameter of a blood vessel.
vasoconstriction - ANSWER Reduces blood flow and heat transfer by decreasing
the diameter of superficial blood vessels.
Hyperplasia - ANSWER the enlargement of an organ or tissue because of an
abnormal increase in the number of cells in the tissues.
Apply the concept of homeostasis - ANSWER 1.Stimulus produce change in
variable (body temperature falls), 2.Receptor detect change (detected by
thermoreceptors in skin), 3.Information sent along Afferent pathway to control center,
4. Control centre process message (in the thermoregulatory centre in brain).
Endoplasmic Reticulum - ANSWER an internal membrane system in which
components of cell membrane and some proteins are constructed. (Smooth & Rough
ER)
Function of hormone renin - ANSWER Renin is an enzyme that helps control your
blood pressure and maintain healthy levels of sodium and potassium in your body.
(When blood volume or sodium levels in the body are low, or blood potassium is
high, cells in the kidney release the enzyme, renin. Renin converts angiotensinogen,
which is produced in the liver, to the hormone angiotensin I.)
, Hydrostatic pressure capillaries - ANSWER The pressure that blood exerts in the
capillaries is known as blood pressure. The force of hydrostatic pressure means that
as blood moves along the capillary, fluid moves out through its pores and into the
interstitial space.
Increased hydrostatic capillary action causes edema (T/F) - ANSWER (True)
Edema- Is swelling or excessive fluid.
include high venous pressure (e.g., heart failure, venous blockage) or excessive fluid
and sodium retention (e.g, acute renal failure).
What body functions cause fluid volume deficits? - ANSWER Blood loss from
cuts/wounds Through the gastrointestinal system: vomiting and diarrhea Abnormally
excessive urination (polyuria); can be caused by excessive intake of diuretic
substances or medications or from renal disorder.
Tetany - ANSWER a symptom characterized by the involuntary contraction of
muscles that leads to painful muscle cramps, spasms of the voice box (i.e., larynx),
and sensory disturbances.
What electrolyte is associated with muscular tetany? - ANSWER Hypocalcemia -
aka LOW calcium
tetany (muscle twitching/spasms)
Symptoms of dehydration - ANSWER thirst, headache, fatigue, loss of appetite,
dry eyes, dry mouth, dark-colored urine
Osmosis - ANSWER Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable
membrane.
Clinical manifestations of fluid excess - ANSWER peripheral edema, periorbital
edema, anasarca, cerebral edema, dyspnea, bounding pulse, tachycardia, jugular
vein distension, hypertension, polyuria, rapid weight gain, crackles, and bulging
fontanelles.
2 Electrolytes that contains higher levels of extracellular fluid? - ANSWER (Sodium
and Chloride.) in biology, body fluid that is not contained in cells. It is found in blood,
in lymph, in body cavities lined with serous (moisture-exuding) membrane, in the
cavities and channels of the brain and spinal cord, and in muscular and other body
tissues.
Intracellular fluid contains higher levels of which electrolyte? - ANSWER
(Potassium) The fluid is often secreted by cells to provide a constant environment for
cellular operations.
Fluid loss from the body occurs in which ways? - ANSWER Gastrointestinal losses
(vomiting, diarrhea, and nasogastric suctioning)
Excessive diaphoresis (sweating)
Hemorrhage
Diabetes mellitus (which causes renal glucose excretion and, in turn, results in water
losses)
Exam 2 (Latest Updated) Rasmussen
Symptoms - ANSWER Subjective characteristics of disease felt only by the patient
sign - ANSWER If the doctor, nurse, or anyone notice evidence of disease such as
a fever
Homeostasis - ANSWER A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal
state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around
a particular level
Epinephrine is released during a stress response True or False - ANSWER True;
Aka Adrenaline
function of mitochondria - ANSWER powerhouse of the cell, ATP production, and
Production of the cell energy.
The effective of the RAAS system -
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system - ANSWER is essential for long-term blood
pressure regulation. It involves a complex system of hormones, proteins and
enzymes.
vasodilation - ANSWER A widening and increase of the diameter of a blood vessel.
vasoconstriction - ANSWER Reduces blood flow and heat transfer by decreasing
the diameter of superficial blood vessels.
Hyperplasia - ANSWER the enlargement of an organ or tissue because of an
abnormal increase in the number of cells in the tissues.
Apply the concept of homeostasis - ANSWER 1.Stimulus produce change in
variable (body temperature falls), 2.Receptor detect change (detected by
thermoreceptors in skin), 3.Information sent along Afferent pathway to control center,
4. Control centre process message (in the thermoregulatory centre in brain).
Endoplasmic Reticulum - ANSWER an internal membrane system in which
components of cell membrane and some proteins are constructed. (Smooth & Rough
ER)
Function of hormone renin - ANSWER Renin is an enzyme that helps control your
blood pressure and maintain healthy levels of sodium and potassium in your body.
(When blood volume or sodium levels in the body are low, or blood potassium is
high, cells in the kidney release the enzyme, renin. Renin converts angiotensinogen,
which is produced in the liver, to the hormone angiotensin I.)
, Hydrostatic pressure capillaries - ANSWER The pressure that blood exerts in the
capillaries is known as blood pressure. The force of hydrostatic pressure means that
as blood moves along the capillary, fluid moves out through its pores and into the
interstitial space.
Increased hydrostatic capillary action causes edema (T/F) - ANSWER (True)
Edema- Is swelling or excessive fluid.
include high venous pressure (e.g., heart failure, venous blockage) or excessive fluid
and sodium retention (e.g, acute renal failure).
What body functions cause fluid volume deficits? - ANSWER Blood loss from
cuts/wounds Through the gastrointestinal system: vomiting and diarrhea Abnormally
excessive urination (polyuria); can be caused by excessive intake of diuretic
substances or medications or from renal disorder.
Tetany - ANSWER a symptom characterized by the involuntary contraction of
muscles that leads to painful muscle cramps, spasms of the voice box (i.e., larynx),
and sensory disturbances.
What electrolyte is associated with muscular tetany? - ANSWER Hypocalcemia -
aka LOW calcium
tetany (muscle twitching/spasms)
Symptoms of dehydration - ANSWER thirst, headache, fatigue, loss of appetite,
dry eyes, dry mouth, dark-colored urine
Osmosis - ANSWER Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable
membrane.
Clinical manifestations of fluid excess - ANSWER peripheral edema, periorbital
edema, anasarca, cerebral edema, dyspnea, bounding pulse, tachycardia, jugular
vein distension, hypertension, polyuria, rapid weight gain, crackles, and bulging
fontanelles.
2 Electrolytes that contains higher levels of extracellular fluid? - ANSWER (Sodium
and Chloride.) in biology, body fluid that is not contained in cells. It is found in blood,
in lymph, in body cavities lined with serous (moisture-exuding) membrane, in the
cavities and channels of the brain and spinal cord, and in muscular and other body
tissues.
Intracellular fluid contains higher levels of which electrolyte? - ANSWER
(Potassium) The fluid is often secreted by cells to provide a constant environment for
cellular operations.
Fluid loss from the body occurs in which ways? - ANSWER Gastrointestinal losses
(vomiting, diarrhea, and nasogastric suctioning)
Excessive diaphoresis (sweating)
Hemorrhage
Diabetes mellitus (which causes renal glucose excretion and, in turn, results in water
losses)
