Genetics Final Exam (Final exam for Pittcock
Genetics)/Questions &Answers
Which of the following were reasons that made scientists believe that protein was
likely the heritable material? (Check all that apply) - ANSWER A. Griffith's nuclein
was proteinaceous
B. Protein is highly abundant in all living forms
C. Proteins are made of 4 subunits linked together as polymers
D. Proteins contain high levels of Phosphorus
E. Proteins are found in cells, which in turn serve as the building blocks of life
F. Proteins have a small number of shapes and sizes that could easily give rise to a
code.
(answer is B and E)
In the transformation experiment we watched for class, which of the following were
bacterial phenotypes associated with inheritance of the pGLO plasmid? (Check all
that apply) - ANSWER A. Growth on nutrient agar (LB)
B. Ampicillin susceptibility
C. Ampicillin resistance
D. Arabinose resistance
E. Increased Arabinose metabolism
F. Inducible fluorescence, revealed with UV light
(answer is C and F)
Which of the following statements below about the Avery, McCarty and MacLeod
experiments is/are true? (Check all that apply) - ANSWER A. It benefitted from our
understanding of radioactive atoms
B. Showed that mice injected with a mixture of live IIIS bacteria and DNA purified
from the transforming principle died.
C. It included the use of proteases, DNases and RNases
D. Included a biochemical approach
E. Scored the presence of rough colonies as an indication of transformation
F. It involved the use of an antibody step to clear the reaction tubes of untransformed
bacteria
(answer is C,D, and F)
All of the following are true regarding the Hershey and Chase experiment, EXCEPT?
Circle all that apply - ANSWER A. It utilized 32P to label protein and 35S to label
DNA
B. It depended on a predator/prey relationship between viruses and bacteria
C. It showed the radioactively labeled sulfur was associated with bacterial pellets
after bacteriophage infection
D. It showed that bacteriophages were heavier than bacteria
E. It was inspired by published papers describing the structure of DNA
F. It showed that bacteriophage DNA was inherited during a single lytic cycle.
,(answer is A,C,D, and E)
In so far as C. elegans functions as a genetic model organism, state 2 pros and 1
con (in a minimum of 10 words per statement) of using this model for the study of
genetic mechanisms of biological function (2 pts total) - ANSWER PROs
1. High number of offspring
2. C. elegans are cheap to purchase
3. C. elegans are easy to cross
4. C. elegans have a short reproductive cycle
5. C. elegans can be mutagenized
6. C. elegans have scorable phenotypes
7. C. elegans do not take up a lot of space in lab
8. It is easy to limit c. elegan population variability with inbred lines, etc.
CON
1. C. elegans are simple organisms (distantly related to more complex forms like
ourselves)
2. Doesn't address more complex issues of inheritance as seen in vertebrates
All of the following are true regarding the Hershey and Chase Experiment Except: -
ANSWER A.It was recognized by a Nobel Prize
B.It involved the use of T2 Bacteriophage to infect S. pneumoniae
C.It was published 10 years after the A/M/M expt
D.It was a greatly simplified example of inheritance
E.It used chemical markers to track the heritable material
(answer is B)
All of the following are true about bacteriophages except: - ANSWER A.They are
E. coli predators
B.Parental phages make their offspring in a host cell
C.When lysed from host cells they are surrounded by plasma membranes
D.They can be shaken off the surface of E. coli with a simple mechanical agitation
(e.g. a blender pulse)
E.They transduce DNA across membranes
(answer is C)
Radioactive Isotopes are useful in Biology because - ANSWER A.The energy they
emit breaks covalent bonds
B.The energy they emit breaks ionic bonds
C.The energy they emit is detected by UV light
D.They allow for fluorescent emissions from the molecules that incorporate them
E.Cells can't tell the difference between them and stable counterparts.
(answer is E)
In a polynucleotide, the individual nucleotides are linked by bonds between _____. -
ANSWER A.nitrogenous bases
B.sugar and phosphate
C.sugars
D.phosphates
E.nitrogenous base and sugar
, (answer is B)
Which of the following is not consistent with Erwin Chargaff's findings? (hint: think
mol %) - ANSWER D. (C + G) = (A + T)
What aspect of the sugar is unique to RNA? - ANSWER C. It contains an OH
group on the number 2' carbon of the pentose sugar
If one DNA strand is 5' GATCATTCGTAAGG 3', what is the sequence of the
complementary strand? - ANSWER B. 5' CCTTACGAATGATC 3'
Match the terms below with the form of DNA that they describe - ANSWER 1. 10
bp per term B DNA
2. 12 bp per term Z DNA
3. Left hand helix Z DNA
4. Hydrogen bonds are relatively perpendicular to the central axis B DNA
5. The predominate form in living cells B DNA
6. Occurs in G/C rich sequences Z DNA
The fact that the helixes of the DNA strand are arranged in opposite directions gives
DNA its ________________ characteristics. - ANSWER Antiparallel
The process of in situ hybridization is used for which of the following? - ANSWER
A. Cytogenic mapping
The cells used in the FISH technique are first arrested during _________________. -
ANSWER B. metaphase
According to Chargaff's rule, if the DNA of a species contains 20% adenine, what
percent of guanine will it contain? - ANSWER 30%
Why did it take so long to understand DNA as THE Heritable material? - ANSWER
A.The novelty of the fields of biochemistry and genetics
B.Technology that allowed for measurements (main answer)
RNA can be double stranded - ANSWER true
Genomes are made of 50 % C+G - ANSWER false
X-ray diffraction - ANSWER yields black spots on a detector when similarly
diffracted x-rays converge at a common site
Bacterial chromosomes: - ANSWER coalesce in a cell in a structure called a
nucleoid body
eukaryotic chromosomes contain all of the following except - ANSWER A. arms
B. centromeres
C. kinetochores
D. nucleosomes
E. histones
Genetics)/Questions &Answers
Which of the following were reasons that made scientists believe that protein was
likely the heritable material? (Check all that apply) - ANSWER A. Griffith's nuclein
was proteinaceous
B. Protein is highly abundant in all living forms
C. Proteins are made of 4 subunits linked together as polymers
D. Proteins contain high levels of Phosphorus
E. Proteins are found in cells, which in turn serve as the building blocks of life
F. Proteins have a small number of shapes and sizes that could easily give rise to a
code.
(answer is B and E)
In the transformation experiment we watched for class, which of the following were
bacterial phenotypes associated with inheritance of the pGLO plasmid? (Check all
that apply) - ANSWER A. Growth on nutrient agar (LB)
B. Ampicillin susceptibility
C. Ampicillin resistance
D. Arabinose resistance
E. Increased Arabinose metabolism
F. Inducible fluorescence, revealed with UV light
(answer is C and F)
Which of the following statements below about the Avery, McCarty and MacLeod
experiments is/are true? (Check all that apply) - ANSWER A. It benefitted from our
understanding of radioactive atoms
B. Showed that mice injected with a mixture of live IIIS bacteria and DNA purified
from the transforming principle died.
C. It included the use of proteases, DNases and RNases
D. Included a biochemical approach
E. Scored the presence of rough colonies as an indication of transformation
F. It involved the use of an antibody step to clear the reaction tubes of untransformed
bacteria
(answer is C,D, and F)
All of the following are true regarding the Hershey and Chase experiment, EXCEPT?
Circle all that apply - ANSWER A. It utilized 32P to label protein and 35S to label
DNA
B. It depended on a predator/prey relationship between viruses and bacteria
C. It showed the radioactively labeled sulfur was associated with bacterial pellets
after bacteriophage infection
D. It showed that bacteriophages were heavier than bacteria
E. It was inspired by published papers describing the structure of DNA
F. It showed that bacteriophage DNA was inherited during a single lytic cycle.
,(answer is A,C,D, and E)
In so far as C. elegans functions as a genetic model organism, state 2 pros and 1
con (in a minimum of 10 words per statement) of using this model for the study of
genetic mechanisms of biological function (2 pts total) - ANSWER PROs
1. High number of offspring
2. C. elegans are cheap to purchase
3. C. elegans are easy to cross
4. C. elegans have a short reproductive cycle
5. C. elegans can be mutagenized
6. C. elegans have scorable phenotypes
7. C. elegans do not take up a lot of space in lab
8. It is easy to limit c. elegan population variability with inbred lines, etc.
CON
1. C. elegans are simple organisms (distantly related to more complex forms like
ourselves)
2. Doesn't address more complex issues of inheritance as seen in vertebrates
All of the following are true regarding the Hershey and Chase Experiment Except: -
ANSWER A.It was recognized by a Nobel Prize
B.It involved the use of T2 Bacteriophage to infect S. pneumoniae
C.It was published 10 years after the A/M/M expt
D.It was a greatly simplified example of inheritance
E.It used chemical markers to track the heritable material
(answer is B)
All of the following are true about bacteriophages except: - ANSWER A.They are
E. coli predators
B.Parental phages make their offspring in a host cell
C.When lysed from host cells they are surrounded by plasma membranes
D.They can be shaken off the surface of E. coli with a simple mechanical agitation
(e.g. a blender pulse)
E.They transduce DNA across membranes
(answer is C)
Radioactive Isotopes are useful in Biology because - ANSWER A.The energy they
emit breaks covalent bonds
B.The energy they emit breaks ionic bonds
C.The energy they emit is detected by UV light
D.They allow for fluorescent emissions from the molecules that incorporate them
E.Cells can't tell the difference between them and stable counterparts.
(answer is E)
In a polynucleotide, the individual nucleotides are linked by bonds between _____. -
ANSWER A.nitrogenous bases
B.sugar and phosphate
C.sugars
D.phosphates
E.nitrogenous base and sugar
, (answer is B)
Which of the following is not consistent with Erwin Chargaff's findings? (hint: think
mol %) - ANSWER D. (C + G) = (A + T)
What aspect of the sugar is unique to RNA? - ANSWER C. It contains an OH
group on the number 2' carbon of the pentose sugar
If one DNA strand is 5' GATCATTCGTAAGG 3', what is the sequence of the
complementary strand? - ANSWER B. 5' CCTTACGAATGATC 3'
Match the terms below with the form of DNA that they describe - ANSWER 1. 10
bp per term B DNA
2. 12 bp per term Z DNA
3. Left hand helix Z DNA
4. Hydrogen bonds are relatively perpendicular to the central axis B DNA
5. The predominate form in living cells B DNA
6. Occurs in G/C rich sequences Z DNA
The fact that the helixes of the DNA strand are arranged in opposite directions gives
DNA its ________________ characteristics. - ANSWER Antiparallel
The process of in situ hybridization is used for which of the following? - ANSWER
A. Cytogenic mapping
The cells used in the FISH technique are first arrested during _________________. -
ANSWER B. metaphase
According to Chargaff's rule, if the DNA of a species contains 20% adenine, what
percent of guanine will it contain? - ANSWER 30%
Why did it take so long to understand DNA as THE Heritable material? - ANSWER
A.The novelty of the fields of biochemistry and genetics
B.Technology that allowed for measurements (main answer)
RNA can be double stranded - ANSWER true
Genomes are made of 50 % C+G - ANSWER false
X-ray diffraction - ANSWER yields black spots on a detector when similarly
diffracted x-rays converge at a common site
Bacterial chromosomes: - ANSWER coalesce in a cell in a structure called a
nucleoid body
eukaryotic chromosomes contain all of the following except - ANSWER A. arms
B. centromeres
C. kinetochores
D. nucleosomes
E. histones
