Test Bank for Goodman and Gilman's The
Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics 13th Edition By
Laurence Brunton; Bjorn Knollman; Randa Hilal-
Dandan Chapter 1-71 Complete Guide A+
Between patient variability - ANSWER each patient with same dose of drug
achieves pharmacokinetic parameters that differ
within patient variability - ANSWER aka inter-occasion, same drug, same dose two
different occasions and the patient may still get a different concentration-time profile
what are some factors that can cause different variability among and within patients?
- ANSWER weight, genetics, comorbidity (kidney and liver function) , interaciton
with another medicaiton, etc.
Lowest concentration of the agent that prevents visible growth afte r18-24 h is -
ANSWER minimum inhibitory concentration
six reasons antimicrobial resistance development may occur - ANSWER 1.
reduced entry of antibiotic into pathogen
2. Enhanced export of antibiotic by efflux pumps
3. release of microbial enzymes that destroy the antibiotic
4. alteration of microbial proteins that transform prodrugs to the effective moieties
5. alteration of target proteins
6. development of alternative pathways to those inhibited by the antibiotic
Chemoprophylaxis of malaria - ANSWER because no antimalarial drug kills
sporozoites, it is not truly possible to prevent infection, drugs can only prevent the
development of symptomatic malaria caused by the asexual erythrocytic forms
Treatment of an established malaria infection - ANSWER no single antimalarial
drug is effective against all liver and intra-erythrocytic stages of the life cycle so
complete elimination may requrie more than one drug
First group of antimalrial agents: artemisinins, chloroquine, mefloquine, quinine and
quinidine, pyrimethamine, sulfadoxine, tetracycline - ANSWER not reliably effective
against primary or latent liver stages, action is directed against the asexual blood
stages responsible for disease
second group of antimalrial agents: atovaquone and proguanil - ANSWER target
not only the asexual erythrocytic forms but also the primary liver stages of P.
falciparum
Third group of antimalrial agents: only primaquine - ANSWER effective against
primary and latent liver stages as well as gametocytes
, which drugs are used for prophylaxsis against malaria - ANSWER Chloroquine
(but some resistance so also mefloquine and atovaquone-proguanil)
Cornerstone therapy for amebiasis - ANSWER metronidazole or its analogs
tinidazole and ornidazole
Treatment of giardia - ANSWER metronidazole
treatment of trichomoniasis - ANSWER Metronidazole
treatment of toxoplasmosis - ANSWER pyrimethamine (antifolate) and sulfadiazine
and folinic acid
Treatment of cryptospridiosis - ANSWER only treat in immunocompromized, use
highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV patients with Crypto
Trypanosomiasis treatment - ANSWER pentamidine and suramin
treatment of chaga's disease - ANSWER nifurtimox (only get it it at CDC) and
benznidazole
treatment of leishmaniasis - ANSWER pentavalent antimony (sodium antimony
gluconate, sodium stibogluconate, pentostam)
amphotericin B - ANSWER treats leishmaniasis, also antifungal
Treatment for round, whips, hooks, trichinosis - ANSWER albendazole
treatment for strongyloides - ANSWER ivermecting
treatmetn for tapes and schistosomiasis - ANSWER praziquantel except the pork
one give niclosamide
Benzimidazoles - ANSWER thiabendazole, mebendazole, albendazole, cause
inhibition of microtubule polymerization by binding to B-tubulin
Ivermecting MOA - ANSWER immobilizes affected organisms by inducing a tonic
paralysis of the musculature
pyrantel MOA - ANSWER depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents, induce
persistent activation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and inhibit cholinesterases,
good for hooks, pins and rounds
Sulfonamides mechanism of action - ANSWER competitive inhibitors of
dihydropteroate synthase
what is dihydropteroate synthase - ANSWER bacterial enzyme responsibile for
incorporation of PABA into dihydropteroic acid, immediate precursor of folic acid
Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics 13th Edition By
Laurence Brunton; Bjorn Knollman; Randa Hilal-
Dandan Chapter 1-71 Complete Guide A+
Between patient variability - ANSWER each patient with same dose of drug
achieves pharmacokinetic parameters that differ
within patient variability - ANSWER aka inter-occasion, same drug, same dose two
different occasions and the patient may still get a different concentration-time profile
what are some factors that can cause different variability among and within patients?
- ANSWER weight, genetics, comorbidity (kidney and liver function) , interaciton
with another medicaiton, etc.
Lowest concentration of the agent that prevents visible growth afte r18-24 h is -
ANSWER minimum inhibitory concentration
six reasons antimicrobial resistance development may occur - ANSWER 1.
reduced entry of antibiotic into pathogen
2. Enhanced export of antibiotic by efflux pumps
3. release of microbial enzymes that destroy the antibiotic
4. alteration of microbial proteins that transform prodrugs to the effective moieties
5. alteration of target proteins
6. development of alternative pathways to those inhibited by the antibiotic
Chemoprophylaxis of malaria - ANSWER because no antimalarial drug kills
sporozoites, it is not truly possible to prevent infection, drugs can only prevent the
development of symptomatic malaria caused by the asexual erythrocytic forms
Treatment of an established malaria infection - ANSWER no single antimalarial
drug is effective against all liver and intra-erythrocytic stages of the life cycle so
complete elimination may requrie more than one drug
First group of antimalrial agents: artemisinins, chloroquine, mefloquine, quinine and
quinidine, pyrimethamine, sulfadoxine, tetracycline - ANSWER not reliably effective
against primary or latent liver stages, action is directed against the asexual blood
stages responsible for disease
second group of antimalrial agents: atovaquone and proguanil - ANSWER target
not only the asexual erythrocytic forms but also the primary liver stages of P.
falciparum
Third group of antimalrial agents: only primaquine - ANSWER effective against
primary and latent liver stages as well as gametocytes
, which drugs are used for prophylaxsis against malaria - ANSWER Chloroquine
(but some resistance so also mefloquine and atovaquone-proguanil)
Cornerstone therapy for amebiasis - ANSWER metronidazole or its analogs
tinidazole and ornidazole
Treatment of giardia - ANSWER metronidazole
treatment of trichomoniasis - ANSWER Metronidazole
treatment of toxoplasmosis - ANSWER pyrimethamine (antifolate) and sulfadiazine
and folinic acid
Treatment of cryptospridiosis - ANSWER only treat in immunocompromized, use
highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV patients with Crypto
Trypanosomiasis treatment - ANSWER pentamidine and suramin
treatment of chaga's disease - ANSWER nifurtimox (only get it it at CDC) and
benznidazole
treatment of leishmaniasis - ANSWER pentavalent antimony (sodium antimony
gluconate, sodium stibogluconate, pentostam)
amphotericin B - ANSWER treats leishmaniasis, also antifungal
Treatment for round, whips, hooks, trichinosis - ANSWER albendazole
treatment for strongyloides - ANSWER ivermecting
treatmetn for tapes and schistosomiasis - ANSWER praziquantel except the pork
one give niclosamide
Benzimidazoles - ANSWER thiabendazole, mebendazole, albendazole, cause
inhibition of microtubule polymerization by binding to B-tubulin
Ivermecting MOA - ANSWER immobilizes affected organisms by inducing a tonic
paralysis of the musculature
pyrantel MOA - ANSWER depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents, induce
persistent activation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and inhibit cholinesterases,
good for hooks, pins and rounds
Sulfonamides mechanism of action - ANSWER competitive inhibitors of
dihydropteroate synthase
what is dihydropteroate synthase - ANSWER bacterial enzyme responsibile for
incorporation of PABA into dihydropteroic acid, immediate precursor of folic acid
