NR507/ NR 507 Midterm Exam (Latest 2024/ 2025
Update) Advanced Pathophysiology | Complete Guide with
Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct |Grade A –
Chamberlain
Innate immunity - ANSWER the immunity we are born with
Immune response: 3 levels/lines of protection - ANSWER 1st line: physical,
mechanical, & biochemical barriers
2nd line: the inflammatory response
3rd line: lymphocyte production
most important immune defense - ANSWER intact skin and mucous membranes
(impermeable barrier)
PAMP - ANSWER pathogen associated molecular pattern
surfaces of bacteria, viruses, and other microbes are covered with many foreign
proteins
foreign
DAMP - ANSWER damage associated molecular pattern
many proteins are released from inside our cells when they are damaged
foreign
PRR - ANSWER pattern recognition receptors
surfaces of WBCs contain these receptor sites
-continuously interact with any material they encounter to ID it as "self" or "non-self"
(foreign; PAMP or DAMP)
Chemotaxis - ANSWER Cell movement that occurs in response to chemical
stimulus
Phagocytosis - ANSWER "cell eating"
1. opsonization and adherence
2. engulfment - WBC surrounds and ingests Ag
3. Fusion of phagosome with lysosome
,4. destruction - phagosome digested by lysozyme, H202, acids, and other toxic
chemicals inside the lysosomes
5. egestion
Hypersensitivity Type 1:_____ - ANSWER Allergic reaction
Hypersensitivity: Type 1
Mediated by ______ - ANSWER IgE
Hypersensitivity: Type 1
Inflammation due to _____________ - ANSWER mast cell degranulation
Hypersensitivity: Type 1
local symptoms - ANSWER itching, rash
Hypersensitivity: Type 1
systemic symptoms - ANSWER wheezing
Hypersensitivity: Type 1
most dangerous form - ANSWER anaphylactic reaction-systemic response-
hypotension, severe bronchoconstriction
Hypersensitivity: Type 1
main treatment ___________ - ANSWER epinephrine
Hypersensitivity Type 2: _________________ - ANSWER Cytotoxic reaction;
tissue specific (example: thyroid tissue) hapten causes mediation of IgE or IgM
Hypersensitivity: Type 2
Primary effector cells involved - ANSWER macrophages
Hypersensitivity: Type 2
can cause ____________ - ANSWER tissue damage or alter function
Hypersensitivity: Type 2
example of altered function - ANSWER graves disease (hyperthyroidism)-example
of altering thyroid function, but does not destroy thyroid tissue
Hypersensitivity: Type 2
example of tissue damage - ANSWER incompatible blood type-example of
cell/tissue damage that occurs; severe transfusion reaction occurs and the
transfused erythrocytes are destroyed by agglutination or complement-mediated
lysis
Hypersensitivity: Type 3 - ANSWER Not organ specific
Immune complex-mediated hypersensitivity reactions
-the antibody binds to soluble antigen outside the cell surface and the complex is
deposited in the tissues
Hypersensitivity: Type 3
, Examples - ANSWER Rheumatoid arthritis - antigen/antibodies are deposited in
the joints
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) - very closely related to autoimmunity-
antigen/antibodies deposit in organs that cause tissue damage
Scope of damage of SLE - Type 3 autoimmune response - ANSWER facial rash
confined to cheeks (malar rash)
discoid rash (raised patches, scaling)
photosensitivity
oral or nasopharyngeal ulcers
hematologic disorders
immunologic disorders
non-erosive arthritis of at lease 2 peripheral joints
serositis
renal disorder
neurologic disorder
ANA
Autoimmune diseases can be ______ - ANSWER familial
Associations with particular autoimmune diseases have been identified for a variety
of major ____________ or _____________ - ANSWER histocompatibility complex
(MHC) alleles or non-MHC genes
Alloimmunity - ANSWER AKA isoimmunity
immune system of one individual produces a reaction against tissues of another
individual
Alloimmunity examples - ANSWER -Neonatal disease where the maternal immune
system becomes sensitized against antigens expressed by the fetus
-Transplant rejection
-Transfusion reaction
Hypersensitivity: Type 4 - ANSWER T-cell mediated
delayed response
Does not involve antigen/antibody complexes
Hypersensitivity: Type 4
typical reaction - ANSWER localized contact dermatitis
(symptoms usually occur a few days later)
Differentiating between type 1 and type 4 rash reactions - ANSWER Type I:
IMMEDIATE hypersensitivity reactions, termed atopic dermatitis, are usually
characterized by widely distributed lesions
Type 4: contact dermatitis (DELAYED hypersensitivity) consists of lesions only at the
site of contact with the allergen -Example: poison ivy
Update) Advanced Pathophysiology | Complete Guide with
Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct |Grade A –
Chamberlain
Innate immunity - ANSWER the immunity we are born with
Immune response: 3 levels/lines of protection - ANSWER 1st line: physical,
mechanical, & biochemical barriers
2nd line: the inflammatory response
3rd line: lymphocyte production
most important immune defense - ANSWER intact skin and mucous membranes
(impermeable barrier)
PAMP - ANSWER pathogen associated molecular pattern
surfaces of bacteria, viruses, and other microbes are covered with many foreign
proteins
foreign
DAMP - ANSWER damage associated molecular pattern
many proteins are released from inside our cells when they are damaged
foreign
PRR - ANSWER pattern recognition receptors
surfaces of WBCs contain these receptor sites
-continuously interact with any material they encounter to ID it as "self" or "non-self"
(foreign; PAMP or DAMP)
Chemotaxis - ANSWER Cell movement that occurs in response to chemical
stimulus
Phagocytosis - ANSWER "cell eating"
1. opsonization and adherence
2. engulfment - WBC surrounds and ingests Ag
3. Fusion of phagosome with lysosome
,4. destruction - phagosome digested by lysozyme, H202, acids, and other toxic
chemicals inside the lysosomes
5. egestion
Hypersensitivity Type 1:_____ - ANSWER Allergic reaction
Hypersensitivity: Type 1
Mediated by ______ - ANSWER IgE
Hypersensitivity: Type 1
Inflammation due to _____________ - ANSWER mast cell degranulation
Hypersensitivity: Type 1
local symptoms - ANSWER itching, rash
Hypersensitivity: Type 1
systemic symptoms - ANSWER wheezing
Hypersensitivity: Type 1
most dangerous form - ANSWER anaphylactic reaction-systemic response-
hypotension, severe bronchoconstriction
Hypersensitivity: Type 1
main treatment ___________ - ANSWER epinephrine
Hypersensitivity Type 2: _________________ - ANSWER Cytotoxic reaction;
tissue specific (example: thyroid tissue) hapten causes mediation of IgE or IgM
Hypersensitivity: Type 2
Primary effector cells involved - ANSWER macrophages
Hypersensitivity: Type 2
can cause ____________ - ANSWER tissue damage or alter function
Hypersensitivity: Type 2
example of altered function - ANSWER graves disease (hyperthyroidism)-example
of altering thyroid function, but does not destroy thyroid tissue
Hypersensitivity: Type 2
example of tissue damage - ANSWER incompatible blood type-example of
cell/tissue damage that occurs; severe transfusion reaction occurs and the
transfused erythrocytes are destroyed by agglutination or complement-mediated
lysis
Hypersensitivity: Type 3 - ANSWER Not organ specific
Immune complex-mediated hypersensitivity reactions
-the antibody binds to soluble antigen outside the cell surface and the complex is
deposited in the tissues
Hypersensitivity: Type 3
, Examples - ANSWER Rheumatoid arthritis - antigen/antibodies are deposited in
the joints
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) - very closely related to autoimmunity-
antigen/antibodies deposit in organs that cause tissue damage
Scope of damage of SLE - Type 3 autoimmune response - ANSWER facial rash
confined to cheeks (malar rash)
discoid rash (raised patches, scaling)
photosensitivity
oral or nasopharyngeal ulcers
hematologic disorders
immunologic disorders
non-erosive arthritis of at lease 2 peripheral joints
serositis
renal disorder
neurologic disorder
ANA
Autoimmune diseases can be ______ - ANSWER familial
Associations with particular autoimmune diseases have been identified for a variety
of major ____________ or _____________ - ANSWER histocompatibility complex
(MHC) alleles or non-MHC genes
Alloimmunity - ANSWER AKA isoimmunity
immune system of one individual produces a reaction against tissues of another
individual
Alloimmunity examples - ANSWER -Neonatal disease where the maternal immune
system becomes sensitized against antigens expressed by the fetus
-Transplant rejection
-Transfusion reaction
Hypersensitivity: Type 4 - ANSWER T-cell mediated
delayed response
Does not involve antigen/antibody complexes
Hypersensitivity: Type 4
typical reaction - ANSWER localized contact dermatitis
(symptoms usually occur a few days later)
Differentiating between type 1 and type 4 rash reactions - ANSWER Type I:
IMMEDIATE hypersensitivity reactions, termed atopic dermatitis, are usually
characterized by widely distributed lesions
Type 4: contact dermatitis (DELAYED hypersensitivity) consists of lesions only at the
site of contact with the allergen -Example: poison ivy
