NR507/ NR 507 Midterm Exam (Latest 2024/ 2025
Update) Advanced Pathophysiology | Complete Guide
with Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct |
Grade A – Chamberlain
Type 1 Hypersensitivity Reaction - ANSWER - "Allergic reaction"
- Mediated by IgE.
- Inflammation d/t mast cell degranulation.
- Hay fever, hives (uticaria).
- Local s/s: itching, rash.
- Systemic: wheezing.
- Severe, systemic reaction: anaphylaxis: hypotension, severe bronchoconstriction.
- Main tx: epinephrine.
Type 2 Hypersensitivity Reaction - ANSWER - Cytotoxic reaction; tissue specific
- Macrophages are the primary effectors cells involved
- Causes tissue damage or alters function
- Examples: 1) Grave's disease- example of altering thyroid function, doesn't destroy
thyroid tissue. 2) ABO incompatibility- example of cell/tissue damage; severe
transfusion reaction occurs & the transfused erythrocytes are destroyed by
agglutination or complement-mediated lysis.
Difference between type 2 & 3 hypersensitivity reactions - ANSWER - Type 2:
organ specific; antibody binds to the antigen on the cell surface.
- Type 3: not organ specific; antibody binds to soluble antigen outside the cell
surface that was released into the blood or body fluids, and the complex is then
deposited in the tissues.
Type 3 Hypersensitivity Reaction - ANSWER - Immune complex
- Antigen-antibody complex deposited in the tissues
- Neutrophils are the primary effector cell
- Causes autoimmune diseases
- Examples: rheumatoid arthritis (joints), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE,
organs)
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) - ANSWER - Facial rash confined to the
cheeks (malar rash)
- Discoid rash (raised patches, scaling)
- Photosensitivity (skin rash d/t sunlight exposure)
- Oral or nasopharyngeal ulcers
- Hematologic disorders (hemolytic anemia, leukopenia, lymphopenia,
thrombocytopenia)
- Immunologic disorders
- Non-erosive arthritis of at least two peripheral joints
, - Serositis (pleurisy, pericarditis)
- Renal disorder
- Neurologic disorders (seizures, psychosis)
- Presence of antinuclear antibody (ANA)
Autoimmunity - ANSWER - Can be familial: Affected family members may not all
develop the same disease, but several members may have different disorders
characterized by a variety of hypersensitivity reactions (autoimmune and allergic
reactions).
Alloimmunity - ANSWER - General term used to describe when an individual's
immune system reacts against antigens on the tissues of other members of the
same species.
- Examples: Neonatal disease where the maternal immune system becomes
sensitized against antigens expressed by the fetus, Transplant rejection, Transfusion
reaction.
Type 4 Hypersensitivity Reaction - ANSWER - T-cell mediated
- Lymphocytes
- Does not involve antigen/antibody complexes
- Delayed response
- Ex: localized contact dermatitis. Treated with a topical corticosteroid (wouldn't use
antihistamine since Type 4 doesn't involve mast cells and H1 receptors).
Differentiating between the rash of a Type 1 vs Type 4 Reaction - ANSWER - Type
1: Immediate hypersensitivity reactions, termed atopic dermatitis, are usually
characterized by widely distributed lesions.
- Type 4: Contact dermatitis (delayed hypersensitivity) consists of lesions only at the
site of contact with the allergen.
The key determinant is the timing of the rash:
-Type 1 = Immediate
-Type 4 = Delayed: Several days following contact, ex- poison ivy
Primary Immunodeficiency - ANSWER - Most are the result of single gene defects.
- Occurs d/t immune system development defect.
- Antibody deficiencies, B- and T-cell deficiencies, phagocytic cell defects,
complement deficiency
- Ex: chronic granulomatous disease, familial Mediterranean fever, common variable
immunodeficiency
Secondary Immunodeficiency - ANSWER - Complication of some other physiologic
condition or disease.
- Malnutrition is one of the most common causes worldwide.
- Cancer, drugs, chemotherapeutic agents.
Most of our body's iron stores come from..... - ANSWER The recycling of iron from
old red blood cells (RBCs)
Update) Advanced Pathophysiology | Complete Guide
with Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct |
Grade A – Chamberlain
Type 1 Hypersensitivity Reaction - ANSWER - "Allergic reaction"
- Mediated by IgE.
- Inflammation d/t mast cell degranulation.
- Hay fever, hives (uticaria).
- Local s/s: itching, rash.
- Systemic: wheezing.
- Severe, systemic reaction: anaphylaxis: hypotension, severe bronchoconstriction.
- Main tx: epinephrine.
Type 2 Hypersensitivity Reaction - ANSWER - Cytotoxic reaction; tissue specific
- Macrophages are the primary effectors cells involved
- Causes tissue damage or alters function
- Examples: 1) Grave's disease- example of altering thyroid function, doesn't destroy
thyroid tissue. 2) ABO incompatibility- example of cell/tissue damage; severe
transfusion reaction occurs & the transfused erythrocytes are destroyed by
agglutination or complement-mediated lysis.
Difference between type 2 & 3 hypersensitivity reactions - ANSWER - Type 2:
organ specific; antibody binds to the antigen on the cell surface.
- Type 3: not organ specific; antibody binds to soluble antigen outside the cell
surface that was released into the blood or body fluids, and the complex is then
deposited in the tissues.
Type 3 Hypersensitivity Reaction - ANSWER - Immune complex
- Antigen-antibody complex deposited in the tissues
- Neutrophils are the primary effector cell
- Causes autoimmune diseases
- Examples: rheumatoid arthritis (joints), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE,
organs)
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) - ANSWER - Facial rash confined to the
cheeks (malar rash)
- Discoid rash (raised patches, scaling)
- Photosensitivity (skin rash d/t sunlight exposure)
- Oral or nasopharyngeal ulcers
- Hematologic disorders (hemolytic anemia, leukopenia, lymphopenia,
thrombocytopenia)
- Immunologic disorders
- Non-erosive arthritis of at least two peripheral joints
, - Serositis (pleurisy, pericarditis)
- Renal disorder
- Neurologic disorders (seizures, psychosis)
- Presence of antinuclear antibody (ANA)
Autoimmunity - ANSWER - Can be familial: Affected family members may not all
develop the same disease, but several members may have different disorders
characterized by a variety of hypersensitivity reactions (autoimmune and allergic
reactions).
Alloimmunity - ANSWER - General term used to describe when an individual's
immune system reacts against antigens on the tissues of other members of the
same species.
- Examples: Neonatal disease where the maternal immune system becomes
sensitized against antigens expressed by the fetus, Transplant rejection, Transfusion
reaction.
Type 4 Hypersensitivity Reaction - ANSWER - T-cell mediated
- Lymphocytes
- Does not involve antigen/antibody complexes
- Delayed response
- Ex: localized contact dermatitis. Treated with a topical corticosteroid (wouldn't use
antihistamine since Type 4 doesn't involve mast cells and H1 receptors).
Differentiating between the rash of a Type 1 vs Type 4 Reaction - ANSWER - Type
1: Immediate hypersensitivity reactions, termed atopic dermatitis, are usually
characterized by widely distributed lesions.
- Type 4: Contact dermatitis (delayed hypersensitivity) consists of lesions only at the
site of contact with the allergen.
The key determinant is the timing of the rash:
-Type 1 = Immediate
-Type 4 = Delayed: Several days following contact, ex- poison ivy
Primary Immunodeficiency - ANSWER - Most are the result of single gene defects.
- Occurs d/t immune system development defect.
- Antibody deficiencies, B- and T-cell deficiencies, phagocytic cell defects,
complement deficiency
- Ex: chronic granulomatous disease, familial Mediterranean fever, common variable
immunodeficiency
Secondary Immunodeficiency - ANSWER - Complication of some other physiologic
condition or disease.
- Malnutrition is one of the most common causes worldwide.
- Cancer, drugs, chemotherapeutic agents.
Most of our body's iron stores come from..... - ANSWER The recycling of iron from
old red blood cells (RBCs)
