Biology Today and Tomorrow without Physiology 4e Cecie
Starr Christine Evers Lisa Starr (Instructor Manual All
Chapters, 100% Original Verified, A+ Grade)
1
____________________________________________________________________________________________
INVITATION TO BIOLOGY
Chapter Outline
THE SECRET LIFE OF EARTH Thinking About Thinking
LIFE IS MORE THAN THE SUM OF ITS How Science Works
PARTS ANALYZING EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
HOW LIVING THINGS ARE ALIKE Sampling Error
Organisms Require Energy and Bias in Interpreting Results
Nutrients THE NATURE OF SCIENCE
Organisms Sense and Respond to The Limits of Science
Change THE SECRET LIFE OF EARTH
Organisms Grow and Reproduce (REVISITED)
HOW LIVING THINGS DIFFER SUMMARY
WHAT IS A “SPECIES”? SELF-QUIZ
A Rose by Any Other Name CRITICAL THINKING
THE SCIENCE OF NATURE
Objectives
• Define biology in terms of both what it means to be living and how new information is
generated using scientific methodology.
• Define nature.
• Describe why biologists say there is a unity that all living things have in common.
• Define the common characteristics of living things, and describe each category by giving
examples.
• Explain the difference between how a producer and a consumer deal with their energy
requirements.
• Describe the one-way flow of energy through a biological system.
• Compare and contrast nutrients and energy.
• Describe the purpose of DNA.
• Explain the difference between growth and development.
• Explain the relationship between inheritance and reproduction.
• Describe how species are named.
• Describe the basic differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Invitation to Biology 1
, • Describe the basic differences between bacteria, archaea, protists, fungi, plants, and
animals.
• Describe the basic purpose of science.
• Define the basic and practical limit of scientific inquiry.
• List and describe the basic steps that are included in scientific inquiry.
• Define and describe the difference between a scientific theory and a law of nature.
• Design scientific investigations.
o Identify variables in an experiment.
o Identify experimental and control groups in an experiment.
o Identify conclusions in an experiment.
o Develop a prediction from a hypothesis.
o Design an experiment to test a hypothesis.
o Compare and contrast experimental and control groups.
o Identify a sample population.
o Describe sampling error and how it can be reduced.
o Describe statistical significance.
o Evaluate the strength of an experimental design.
o Evaluate the results of an experiment.
o Describe where bias may enter an experiment and how bias can be controlled.
Key Terms
biology development critical thinking
atoms growth science
molecules reproduction hypothesis
cell inheritance prediction
organism biodiversity model
cell nucleus experiments
population bacteria variables
community archaea experimental group
ecosystem eukaryotes control group
biosphere protists data
energy fungi scientific method
nutrient plants sampling error
producers animals probability
photosynthesis species statistically significant
consumers taxonomy scientific theory
homeostasis genus law of nature
DNA taxon
2 Chapter One
,Lecture Outline
1.1 The Secret Life of Earth
A. There are organisms on Earth that have yet to be discovered and categorized.
B. Biology is the scientific study of life in order to make sense of the world around us.
1. It is important to understand:
a. What does it mean to be living?
b. What is scientific study and how does it work?
C. Species are going extinct at the rate of about 20 species per minute in the rain forests.
1. The rate of extinction is roughly 1,000 times faster than normal due to human activities.
1.2 Life Is More Than the Sum of Its Parts
A. Nature includes every substance and energy in the universe that has not been manufactured by
humans.
B. Natural substances can be classified based on increasing levels of complexity.
1. Atoms are the basic building blocks for all matter.
2. Molecules are unions of individual atoms.
a. There are four basic molecules associated with life: carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids,
and proteins.
3. Cells are the smallest unit of living things that can carry out the basic functions of life.
4. Organisms are collections of cells that work together and create complex interactions.
Organisms can exhibit several levels of interactions.
a. Tissues are groups of cells that work together to complete a process.
b. Organs are groups of tissues that work together.
c. Organ systems are groups of organs that work together to complete a complex process.
5. Populations are collections of the same type of species living in a given area.
6. Communities are all of the living populations in a given area.
7. An ecosystem includes all the living populations and the environment that the
communities interact with.
8. Finally, a biosphere encompasses all the different ecosystems on Earth.
C. Life is more than the sum of its individual parts. That is to say that there are emergent
properties or characteristics that arise out of the complexity of the interactions of a system’s
component parts.
1.3 How Living Things Are Alike
A. Life is hard to define; however, there are several characteristics that all living things have in
common.
1. All living things require energy and the raw materials required to maintain energy
supplies.
a. Energy is the capacity to do work.
b. Nutrients are substances that an organism cannot make for itself but that the organism
requires for growth and survival.
c. Producers make their own food using energy and raw materials directly from the
environment. Plants are an example of a producer.
d. Consumers cannot make their own food; instead, they feed on other organisms for
food.
Invitation to Biology 3
, e. Nutrients cycle between producers and consumers, but energy does not. Energy flows
in one direction from the sun, through producers, and finally to consumers.
2. All living things have the ability to sense and respond to changes in the environment.
a. Organisms use receptors to detect changes in the environment in order to respond to
environmental challenges.
b. For example, when your blood sugar increases, receptors in your pancreas are
activated and release insulin. Insulin then binds to receptors on your cells, which
causes sugar to be removed from your blood.
c. The inside of an organism works to maintain ideal internal conditions within a certain
normal range. This maintenance of the normal range of internal conditions is called
homeostasis.
3. All living things have the ability to grow and reproduce.
a. Information about the variety of traits that exist between individuals is encoded for
within the DNA.
b. Growth is an increase in the cell number, size, and volume of an organism.
c. Development is the process by which an organism matures from one cell to a
multicellular organism. Only multicellular organisms undergo development.
d. Inheritance is the transmission of DNA from parents to offspring through a mechanism
called reproduction.
1.4 How Living Things Differ
A. Various classification systems exist and will be covered in chapter 12. This text uses a three-
domain system: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
1. Bacteria and Archaea are single-celled prokaryotes. Prokaryotes have no nucleus.
2. All other organisms are eukaryotes: organisms with a nucleus.
a. Protists are either single-celled or multicellular, producers or consumers.
b. Fungi are multicellular decomposers that complete digestion extracellularly.
c. Plants are multicellular producers that use photosynthesis to harvest sunlight for
conversion into chemical energy.
d. Animals are multicellular consumers that acquire nutrition by feeding on other
organisms.
1.5 What Is a Species?
A. All organisms have a two-part name.
1. First is its genus, which is a group of organisms that share a unique set of features.
2. Second is its species name, which represents a population of interbreeding organisms.
B. A Rose By Any Other Name: Individuals of a species share a unique set of inherited traits.
1.6 The Science of Nature
A. Science is the systematic study of the living world. Science is bound by the basic limitation of
observability.
B. The goal of scientific inquiry is to remove bias and subjectiveness from observation and
analysis of data.
C. Critical thinking is crucial to the scientific process.
D. Scientific study includes several common practices.
1. Observation of natural phenomena.
2. Framing questions about observations.
4 Chapter One
Starr Christine Evers Lisa Starr (Instructor Manual All
Chapters, 100% Original Verified, A+ Grade)
1
____________________________________________________________________________________________
INVITATION TO BIOLOGY
Chapter Outline
THE SECRET LIFE OF EARTH Thinking About Thinking
LIFE IS MORE THAN THE SUM OF ITS How Science Works
PARTS ANALYZING EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
HOW LIVING THINGS ARE ALIKE Sampling Error
Organisms Require Energy and Bias in Interpreting Results
Nutrients THE NATURE OF SCIENCE
Organisms Sense and Respond to The Limits of Science
Change THE SECRET LIFE OF EARTH
Organisms Grow and Reproduce (REVISITED)
HOW LIVING THINGS DIFFER SUMMARY
WHAT IS A “SPECIES”? SELF-QUIZ
A Rose by Any Other Name CRITICAL THINKING
THE SCIENCE OF NATURE
Objectives
• Define biology in terms of both what it means to be living and how new information is
generated using scientific methodology.
• Define nature.
• Describe why biologists say there is a unity that all living things have in common.
• Define the common characteristics of living things, and describe each category by giving
examples.
• Explain the difference between how a producer and a consumer deal with their energy
requirements.
• Describe the one-way flow of energy through a biological system.
• Compare and contrast nutrients and energy.
• Describe the purpose of DNA.
• Explain the difference between growth and development.
• Explain the relationship between inheritance and reproduction.
• Describe how species are named.
• Describe the basic differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Invitation to Biology 1
, • Describe the basic differences between bacteria, archaea, protists, fungi, plants, and
animals.
• Describe the basic purpose of science.
• Define the basic and practical limit of scientific inquiry.
• List and describe the basic steps that are included in scientific inquiry.
• Define and describe the difference between a scientific theory and a law of nature.
• Design scientific investigations.
o Identify variables in an experiment.
o Identify experimental and control groups in an experiment.
o Identify conclusions in an experiment.
o Develop a prediction from a hypothesis.
o Design an experiment to test a hypothesis.
o Compare and contrast experimental and control groups.
o Identify a sample population.
o Describe sampling error and how it can be reduced.
o Describe statistical significance.
o Evaluate the strength of an experimental design.
o Evaluate the results of an experiment.
o Describe where bias may enter an experiment and how bias can be controlled.
Key Terms
biology development critical thinking
atoms growth science
molecules reproduction hypothesis
cell inheritance prediction
organism biodiversity model
cell nucleus experiments
population bacteria variables
community archaea experimental group
ecosystem eukaryotes control group
biosphere protists data
energy fungi scientific method
nutrient plants sampling error
producers animals probability
photosynthesis species statistically significant
consumers taxonomy scientific theory
homeostasis genus law of nature
DNA taxon
2 Chapter One
,Lecture Outline
1.1 The Secret Life of Earth
A. There are organisms on Earth that have yet to be discovered and categorized.
B. Biology is the scientific study of life in order to make sense of the world around us.
1. It is important to understand:
a. What does it mean to be living?
b. What is scientific study and how does it work?
C. Species are going extinct at the rate of about 20 species per minute in the rain forests.
1. The rate of extinction is roughly 1,000 times faster than normal due to human activities.
1.2 Life Is More Than the Sum of Its Parts
A. Nature includes every substance and energy in the universe that has not been manufactured by
humans.
B. Natural substances can be classified based on increasing levels of complexity.
1. Atoms are the basic building blocks for all matter.
2. Molecules are unions of individual atoms.
a. There are four basic molecules associated with life: carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids,
and proteins.
3. Cells are the smallest unit of living things that can carry out the basic functions of life.
4. Organisms are collections of cells that work together and create complex interactions.
Organisms can exhibit several levels of interactions.
a. Tissues are groups of cells that work together to complete a process.
b. Organs are groups of tissues that work together.
c. Organ systems are groups of organs that work together to complete a complex process.
5. Populations are collections of the same type of species living in a given area.
6. Communities are all of the living populations in a given area.
7. An ecosystem includes all the living populations and the environment that the
communities interact with.
8. Finally, a biosphere encompasses all the different ecosystems on Earth.
C. Life is more than the sum of its individual parts. That is to say that there are emergent
properties or characteristics that arise out of the complexity of the interactions of a system’s
component parts.
1.3 How Living Things Are Alike
A. Life is hard to define; however, there are several characteristics that all living things have in
common.
1. All living things require energy and the raw materials required to maintain energy
supplies.
a. Energy is the capacity to do work.
b. Nutrients are substances that an organism cannot make for itself but that the organism
requires for growth and survival.
c. Producers make their own food using energy and raw materials directly from the
environment. Plants are an example of a producer.
d. Consumers cannot make their own food; instead, they feed on other organisms for
food.
Invitation to Biology 3
, e. Nutrients cycle between producers and consumers, but energy does not. Energy flows
in one direction from the sun, through producers, and finally to consumers.
2. All living things have the ability to sense and respond to changes in the environment.
a. Organisms use receptors to detect changes in the environment in order to respond to
environmental challenges.
b. For example, when your blood sugar increases, receptors in your pancreas are
activated and release insulin. Insulin then binds to receptors on your cells, which
causes sugar to be removed from your blood.
c. The inside of an organism works to maintain ideal internal conditions within a certain
normal range. This maintenance of the normal range of internal conditions is called
homeostasis.
3. All living things have the ability to grow and reproduce.
a. Information about the variety of traits that exist between individuals is encoded for
within the DNA.
b. Growth is an increase in the cell number, size, and volume of an organism.
c. Development is the process by which an organism matures from one cell to a
multicellular organism. Only multicellular organisms undergo development.
d. Inheritance is the transmission of DNA from parents to offspring through a mechanism
called reproduction.
1.4 How Living Things Differ
A. Various classification systems exist and will be covered in chapter 12. This text uses a three-
domain system: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
1. Bacteria and Archaea are single-celled prokaryotes. Prokaryotes have no nucleus.
2. All other organisms are eukaryotes: organisms with a nucleus.
a. Protists are either single-celled or multicellular, producers or consumers.
b. Fungi are multicellular decomposers that complete digestion extracellularly.
c. Plants are multicellular producers that use photosynthesis to harvest sunlight for
conversion into chemical energy.
d. Animals are multicellular consumers that acquire nutrition by feeding on other
organisms.
1.5 What Is a Species?
A. All organisms have a two-part name.
1. First is its genus, which is a group of organisms that share a unique set of features.
2. Second is its species name, which represents a population of interbreeding organisms.
B. A Rose By Any Other Name: Individuals of a species share a unique set of inherited traits.
1.6 The Science of Nature
A. Science is the systematic study of the living world. Science is bound by the basic limitation of
observability.
B. The goal of scientific inquiry is to remove bias and subjectiveness from observation and
analysis of data.
C. Critical thinking is crucial to the scientific process.
D. Scientific study includes several common practices.
1. Observation of natural phenomena.
2. Framing questions about observations.
4 Chapter One
