Psychology 270 Exam Review | Complete Solutions (Answered)

AP Psychology 270 Exam Review | Complete Solutions (Answered) Severely restricted eating and an intense fear of weight gain is to ________ as binge eating followed by self-induced vomiting is to ________. anorexia nervosa; bulimia nervosa Psychologists' personal values and goals can bias their observations and interpretations. Tom is in a bad mood because he has just lost his cell phone, but he decides to attend his friend's party anyhow. At the party, people are laughing and having a good time, so Tom immediately cheers up and joins the fun. Tom's emotional change is to the result of mood linkage The DSM-5 does NOT explain the causes of the various psychological disorders. Dr. Welker decided on his career path after seeing two of his grandparents experience Alzheimer's disease. Because he now works in the diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer's disease, he must be considered a(n) _____. neuropsychologist. Which perspective highlights the reproductive advantages of inherited psychological traits? evolutionary A dislike of the tastes of certain foods during pregnancy tends to peak when the developing embryo is most vulnerable to: toxins. Functionalism was a school of psychology that focused attention on the adaptive value of conscious thoughts and emotions. Correlation is a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together. A theoretical perspective in psychology can be like a two-dimensional view of a three-dimensional object because each perspective is limited in its scope. Studies of implicit prejudice indicate that prejudice is often unconscious. When you feel cold, you engage in behavior to reduce this unpleasant feeling, for example, by putting on your coat. This desire to reduce internal tension is a crucial aspect of ________ theory. drive-reduction Observing yourself on a video replay is most likely to increase your tendency to attribute your behavior to personality traits. Professor Reed attempts to assess the relative contributions of heredity and home environment on children's susceptibility to depression. Her research best illustrates the concerns of the ________ approach. Psychodynamic Who was the American philosopher who authored a textbook in 1890 for the emerging discipline of psychology? William James Most political dissidents who survive dozens of episodes of torture do not later exhibit PTSD. This best illustrates survivor resiliency. Pavlov's research on classical conditioning was important because: so many different species of animals, including humans, can be classically conditioned. The two-factor theory of emotion places more emphasis on the importance of ________ than does the James-Lange theory. cognitive activity The two-factor theory of emotion was proposed by: Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer. To quickly teach a dog to roll over on command, you would be best advised to use: immediate reinforcers rather than delayed reinforcers. Learning that some responses, but not others, will be punished is called: discrimination. Resistance to extinction is most strongly encouraged by ________ reinforcement. Intermittent A representative sample is one that accurately reflects a larger population. The ethics codes of the American Psychological Association and the British Psychological Society urge researchers to explain the research to the participants after the study has been completed. The reappearance, after a time lapse, of an extinguished CR is called: spontaneous recovery. Paul insists that the sight of guns always leads him to experience the same intense level of fear regardless of whether he is physically aroused or physically calm. Paul's reported experience is most consistent with: the Cannon-Bard theory. Haley thinks Keith's silence indicates that he's angry, so she avoids talking to him. Unfortunately, Keith thinks Haley's quietness signifies that she's angry and wants to be left alone. This situation best illustrates mirror-image perceptions. A psychologist who emphasizes cognitive processes would be likely to suggest that classical conditioning depends on: an organism's expectation that a US will follow a CS. Testing hypotheses and refining theories in light of those tests is central to the scientific method. Following the 9/11 terrorist attack on New York, people across the country donated their time and money to assist the devastated community. This behavior best illustrates altruism. The psychologist who would be least likely to participate in devising ways to improve teaching and learning in a classroom would be a(n) _______ psychologist. Experimental Working in a community mental health center, Dr. Thatcher treats adults who suffer from severe depression. Dr. Thatcher is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist. Personality Observers' responses to the tragic murder of Kitty Genovese outside her New York apartment best illustrated the bystander effect. Purchasing state lottery tickets is reinforced with monetary winnings on a ________ schedule. variable-ratio Social loafing refers to the tendency for people to exert less effort when they are pooling their efforts toward a common goal Frank avoids talking with food in his mouth because he knows others think it is socially inappropriate. This best illustrates the impact of social norms. Natassia believes that boys learn to be more aggressive than girls primarily because boys are more frequently exposed to external pressures to fight. Natassia's belief most directly exemplifies the ________ perspective. Behavioral In classical conditioning a stimulus is any event or situation that: evokes a response. The first person to promote "moral treatment" for psychological disorders, instead of the brutal treatments used during his time, was Philippe Pinel. Which of the following refers to a physiological state that usually triggers a state of motivational arousal? Need A sense of being separated from your body and watching yourself with a sense of detachment is a symptom of dissociation. Most psychologists would advise parents who want to change a child's bad behavior to make greater use of: reinforcement than of punishment. Our most rapid and automatic emotional responses may result from the routing of sensory input through the thalamus directly to the: amygdala. The psychologist most likely to help an attorney make selections of jury members is a(n) ____ psychologist. Forensic Repeating the essence of a previous research study to verify whether its findings extend to a new group of research participants and to different circumstances is called replication. Akira believes that her son has become a good student because she always praises his learning efforts. Her belief best illustrates a ________ perspective. Behavioral Arguments as to whether psychological differences between men and women result from biological or social influences most clearly involve a debate over the issue of nature versus nurture. In looking at the relationship between hunger and conditions of the stomach, researchers have discovered that: rats whose stomachs are removed continue to eat regularly. Psychologists describe shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation as superordinate. After an exciting football game in which the home team loses by one point, angry fans throw bottles and begin to tear up the field. This behavior is best understood in terms of deindividuation. Two-year-old Philip was recently clawed by the neighbor's cat. Philip now fears all small animals. His fear demonstrates the process of: generalization. You would be most likely to use operant conditioning to teach a dog to: retrieve sticks and balls. While anxiety is a response to ________, depression is often a response to ________. the threat of future loss; past and current loss Dr. Wilcox conducts basic research on the behavioral differences between shy and outgoing people. Dr. Wilcox is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist. Personality The hindsight bias refers to people's tendency to exaggerate their ability to have foreseen an outcome. The first experimental studies of associative learning were conducted by: Ivan Pavlov. The impact of the foot-in-the-door phenomenon is most clearly illustrated by the destructive obedience of participants in the Milgram experiments. The set of prescribed behaviors associated with a particular social position is best described as a(n) role. When buying groceries, many shoppers prefer certain products simply because they have a familiar brand name. This preference BEST illustrates the importance of the mere exposure effect. A factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment is called a confounding variable. An experiment was designed to study the potential impact of alcohol consumption on emotional stability. A specification of the procedures used to measure emotional stability illustrates an operational definition. Voluntary behaviors that produce rewarding or punishing outcomes are called: operant behaviors. Dr. Kozak has concluded that the unusually low incidence of alcohol dependence among citizens of a small African country can be attributed to strong fundamentalist religious influences in that region. This best illustrates a(n) ___________ perspective. social-cultural A disorder in which a person loses contact with reality and experiences irrational ideas and disordered perceptions is a psychotic disorder. After Manny's father refused to let him use the family car on Friday night, Manny let all the air out of the tires. His action is best explained in terms of the frustration-aggression principle. The body's tendency to maintain a constant internal state is known as: homeostasis. Being randomly assigned to the experimental group in a research project involves being assigned to that group by chance. Participants in the Milgram obedience studies were ordered to deliver electric shocks to a learner for giving incorrect answers. Some students study hard beginning with the first couple of weeks of a semester because they subsequently receive very good final course grades. This best illustrates that human behavior is influenced by: delayed reinforcers. Critical thinking most clearly involves evaluating evidence. Who highlighted the reproductive advantages of environmentally adaptive traits? Charles Darwin A drive refers to: an aroused, motivated state that is often triggered by a physiological need. According to the James-Lange theory, we experience emotion ________ we notice our physiological arousal. According to the Cannon-Bard theory we experience emotion ________ we become physiologically aroused. after; at the same time as Which perspective is most directly concerned with how the physical properties of the brain influence behaviors and mental states? Biological Who was a student of William James and the first female president of the American Psychological Association? Mary Calkins Alex was paid $100 for eight hours of work. The money was a(n): conditioned reinforcer. The discovery that psychologically disordered behavior could result from syphilis infections facilitated the credibility and acceptance of the medical model. Psychologists study animals because similar processes often underlie animal and human behavior. The tendency in individualist cultures to attribute the behavior of others to internal, personal characteristics while ignoring or underestimating the effects of external, situational factors is called the fundamental attribution error. If the correlation between children's body weight and their reading ability is -1.00, this would indicate that low body weight has a negative effect on children's reading ability. Mrs. Thompson believes that her son has become an excellent student because she consistently uses praise and affection to stimulate his learning efforts. Her belief best illustrates a ________ perspective. Behavioral Research participants believed that the Asch conformity test involved a study of visual perception. Incapacitating efforts to avoid specific anxiety-producing situations is most indicative of phobias. Poverty and unemployment are likely to be explained in terms of personal dispositions by ________ and in terms of situational influences by ________. political conservatives; political liberals The early school of psychology known as functionalism was developed by William James. About eight months ago, 14-year-old Shelley went on a drastic weight-loss diet that caused her to drop from 110 to 80 pounds. Although she is now dangerously underweight and under-nourished, she continues to think she looks fat. Her frustrated father recently forced her to eat a peanut butter sandwich, but Shelley immediately went to the bathroom and threw it all up. Shelley most clearly suffers from anorexia nervosa. In an experimental study, men with erectile disorder received either Viagra or a placebo. In this study, the drug dosage (none versus peak dose) was the independent variable. Dr. Ligorano has devoted his professional life to researching the desires and needs that energize and direct behavior. His area of research has obviously been: motivation. Which basic emotion is facially expressed by brows drawn together and downward, eyes fixed, and mouth squarish? Anger When Marcus becomes anxious, he eats a tremendous amount of food over an extended period of time. Afterward, Marcus feels guilty about his binge eating but does not purge or exercise excessively. Marcus is demonstrating the symptoms of binge-eating disorder. Contemporary psychologists are most likely to consider ________ to be a human instinct. infant sucking Prejudice is a mixture of predispositions to actions, emotions, beliefs EXCEPT for hindsight bias. The first psychological laboratory was established by Wilhelm Wundt. Six of the children in Mr. Myers' class were born on exactly the same day. This strikes him as astonishing and improbable. In this instance, he should be reminded that random sequences of events often don't look random. Which perspective would suggest that the facial expressions associated with the emotions of lust and rage are inherited? Evolutionary Luke suffers from acrophobia, a fear of high places. His therapist suggests that his reaction to heights is a generalization of the fear triggered by a childhood playground accident in which he fell off a jungle gym. The therapist's suggestion indicates that he believes Luke's fear results from conditioning. Frequent, intrusive recollections of a traumatic event, social withdrawal, nightmares, and the increased physical arousal associated with anxiety are the major symptoms associated with posttraumatic stress disorder. A Skinner box is a(n): chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a reward. Opinion change resulting from a thoughtful focus on the content of arguments illustrates central route persuasion. Introspection was the basic research tool used by ________ in order to study people's inner sensations and mental images. Edward Titchener Those with an avoidant personality disorder are most likely to display a fear of social rejection. Surveys indicate that people are less likely to support "welfare" than "aid to the needy." These somewhat paradoxical survey results best illustrate the importance of wording effects. In classical conditioning, generalization refers to the tendency for the conditioned response to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to the: conditioned stimulus Psychological disorders characterized by inflexible, enduring, and socially maladaptive behavior patterns are called ________ disorders. Personality Megan was certain that she would never live far away from her family. However, when offered a job in another state, she decided to move. Megan's experience best illustrates overconfidence. Dr. Winkle conducts basic research on the systematic changes in intelligence associated with aging. It is most likely that Dr. Winkle is a(n) ________ psychologist. Developmental The biopsychosocial approach provides an understanding of social-cultural influences integrated within the larger framework of multiple levels of analysis. Repetitive, intrusive, and unwanted thoughts and repetitive behaviors that the individual feels driven to perform are characteristic of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Taking away the driver's license of a reckless teen driver is intended to serve as a: negative punishment. According to _____, altruistic behavior is guided by calculations of costs and benefits. social exchange theory The two-factor theory of emotion has been used to explain passionate love. Three key attitudes of scientific inquiry are curiosity, skepticism, and humility. Random assignment minimizes ________ between experimental and control groups. Random sampling minimizes ________ between a sample and a population. differences; differences Administering an aversive stimulus following an operant response is: positive punishment. When every individual in a large population has a small but equal chance of being included in a survey, researchers are using a procedure known as random sampling. The scientific attitude requires an open-minded humility because it involves a willingness to recognize the errors in our own ideas. Paul and Michael sell magazine subscriptions by telephone. Paul is paid $1.00 for every five calls he makes, while Michael is paid $1.00 for every subscription he sells, regardless of the number of calls he makes. Paul's telephoning is reinforced on a ________ schedule, whereas Michael's is reinforced on a ________ schedule. fixed-ratio; variable-ratio Jeff is a professional golfer. He has been disappointed with his recent performance, even though he feels really "psyched" to play. His sports psychologist tells him that he needs to reduce his arousal to a moderate level before he plays if he wants to improve his performance. Jeff's sports psychologist is basing his advice on: the Yerkes-Dodson law. Researchers use experiments rather than other research methods in order to isolate causes from effects. Comparisons of identical and fraternal twins highlight the impact of ________ on aggression. Genes Which of the following is most useful for helping survey researchers avoid false generalizations? random sampling Both classical and operant conditioning are forms of: associative learning.