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FORMAL SEMANTICS AND PRAGMATICS FOR NATURAL LANGUAGES

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Category (C) may be subclassified according to what element of the sentence is asked for: (Cl) the subject (C2) (C3) (C4) (C5) the direct object a subject complement an object complement an adverbial, Category. (C5) comprises again a number of subcategories we shall not enumerate here. In the following, we shall restrict ourselves to the most important types, namely (A) (yes-no questions), (Cl) and (C2) (which we shall call term questions), and those subcategories of (C5) (adverbial questions) that use the question words how, where, when, and why. Let us examine now the expressions that may serve as answers to these types of questions. Consider for example (1), an instance of a yes-no question: (1) Does John love Mary? With respect to a context created by an utterance of (1), or, as we shall also say, in the context of (1), the following expressions may be used in giving an answer: (la) Yes. (lb) (lc) (ld) (le) (10 (lg) (1h) (Im) He does. He does so. He loves her. He loves Mary. John loves her. John loves Mary. Yes, (lb). Yes, (lg). Neglecting the different degrees of acceptability of (la)-(lm ) w ^ m a Y State that they all have two fealures in common: (i) they commit the Speaker (disregarding irony, etc.) to the truth of (lg), and (ii) they supply just the information required by the utterance of (1). This contrasts them with answers like (In) and (lo): CONTEXT-DEPENDENT MONTAGUE GRAMM AR (In) (lo) 341 Yes, certainly. Yes, probably. which give more and less, respectively, Information than required and which may therefore be called over- and under-answers, respectively. Since these will presumably have to be analysed on the basis of exact answers, we feel entitled not to treat them here. Looking through our list of possible answers to (1) one can notice that there is an increase of redundancy and explicitness from (la) to (lg) and again from (lh) to (Im). We may call therefore (la) a minimal or non redundant answer and (lg) a redundant answer. (lb)—(lf) are then partially redundant answers, and (lh)-(lni) combine each a non-redundant answer with a (partially) redundant one. Regarding the semantics of (la) through (Im), it is clear that they are equivalent only with respect to certain contexts, nam

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S Y N T H E S E L A N G U A G E LIBRARY


TEXTS AND STUDIES IN

LINGUISTICS AND PHILOSOPHY




Managing Editors:

J A A K K O H I N T I K K A , A c a d e m y of ¥ Inland and Stanford University

STANLEY P E T E R S , T h e U n i v e r s i t y of T e x a s at A u s t i n



Editorial Board:

E M M O N B A C H , U n i v e r s i t y of M a s s a c h u s e t t s at A m h e r s t

J O A N B R E S N A N , M a s s a c h u s e t t s I n s t i t u t e of T e c h n o l o g y

J O H N L Y O N S , U n i v e r s i t y of Sussex

J U L I U S M . E . M O R A V C S I K , Stanford University

PATRICK S U P P E S , Stanford University

D A N A S C O T T , Oxford University




V O L U M E 4

, FORMAL SEMANTICS
AND PRAGMATICS
FOR
NATURAL LANGUAGES

Edited b y


F. G U E N T H N E R

Universität Tübingen, Seminar für Englische P h i l o l o g i e , Tübingen, B . R . D .

and

S. J . S C H M I D T
Universität Bielefeld, B.R.D.




D. R E I D E L P U B L I S H I N G C O M P A N Y

DORDRECHT : HOLLAND /BOSTON : U.S.A.
L O N D O N : E N G L A N D

, UP
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data


M a i n entry under title:

Formal semantics and pragmatics for natural languages.

(Synthese language library; v. 4)
"Essays in this collection are the outgrowth of a Workshop held in June
1976."
Includes bibliographies and index.
1. Languages — Philosophy. 2. Semantics. 3. Pragmatics.
4. Predicate calculus. 5. Tense (Logic). 6. Grammar, Comparative
and general. I. Guenthner, Franz. II. Schmidt, S. J., 1941-
III. Series.
P106.F66 401 78-13180
I S B N 90-277-0778-2
I S B N 90-277-0930-0 pbk.




Published by D. Reidel Publishing Company,
P.O. Box 17, Dordrecht, Holland


Sold and distributed in the U.S.A., Canada, and Mexico
by D. Reidel Publishing Company, Inc.
Lincoln Building, 160 O l d Derby Street, Hingham,
Mass. 02043, U.S.A.




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A l l Rights Reserved
Copyright © 1979 by D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland
N o part of the material protected by this Copyright notice may be reproduced or
utilized in any form by or any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying, recording or by any informational storage and
retrieval System, without written permission from the Copyright owner

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