Nclex Safety and Infection Control Exam Prep Questions And Answers
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Hepatits A (HAV)- High Risk Group: - ✔✔-Young children
-Institutions for custodial care
-International travelers to developing countries
Hepatits A (HAV)- Incubation: - ✔✔15-50 days
Hepatits A (HAV)- Transmission: - ✔✔-Common in fall, early winter
-Fecal-oral
-Shellfish from contaminated water
-Poor sanitation
-Contaminated food handlers
-Oral-anal sexual activity
Hepatits A (HAV)- Nursing Considerations: - ✔✔-Survives on hands
-Diagnostic tests: Cultured in stool and detected in serum before onset of disease
-Prevention: improved sanitation; Hepatitis A vaccine
-Treated with gamma globulin early postexposure
-No preparation of food
-Contact precautions in addition to standard precautions for clients diagnosed with hepatitis A
Hepatits B (HBV)- High Risk Group: - ✔✔-Immigrants from areas of endemicity related to this
type of Hepatitis
-Drug addicts
-Fetuses from infected mothers
-Homosexually active men
-Clients on dialysis
-Male prisoners
-Transfusion recipients
,-Health care workers
Hepatits B (HBV)- Incubation: - ✔✔48-180 days
Hepatits B (HBV)- Transmission: - ✔✔-Blood and body fluids
-Parenteral drug abuse
-Sexual contact
-Hemodialysis
-Accidental contaminated needle exposure
-Maternal-fetal route
Hepatits B (HBV)- Nursing Considerations: - ✔✔-Diagnostic tests: Hepatitis B surface antigen,
anti-HBc, anti-HBe
-Treatment: Hepatitis B vaccine (Heptavax-B, Recombivax HB), Hepatitis B immune globulin
(HBIg) postexposure; interferon alpha-2b; lamivudir
-Chronic carriers: frequent; potential for chronicity 5-10%
-Complications: cirrhosis; liver cancer
Hepatitis C (HCV): High Risk Group: - ✔✔-Persons receiving frequent blood transfusions
-International travelers
-Hemophilia clients
Hepatitis C (HCV): Incubation: - ✔✔14-180 days
Hepatitis C (HCV): Transmission: - ✔✔-Contact with blood and body fluids
-IV drug users
Hepatitis C (HCV): Nursing Considersations: - ✔✔-May be asymptomatic
-Complications: cirrhosis; liver cancer
-Great potential for chronicity
,Delta or Hepatitis D (HDV): High Risk Group: - ✔✔-Drug addicts
-Concurrent HBV infection
Delta or Hepatitis D (HDV): Incubation: - ✔✔14-56 days
Delta or Hepatitis D (HDV): Transmission: - ✔✔-Coinfects with Hepatitis B
-Close personal contact
-Parenteral transmission
Delta or Hepatitis D (HDV): Nursing Considersations: - ✔✔-Diagnostic test--HD Ag in serum
Hepatitis E: High Risk Group: - ✔✔-Persons living in under-developed countries
Hepatitis E: Incubation: - ✔✔15-64 days
Hepatitis E: Transmission: - ✔✔-Oral--fecal
-Contaminated water
Hepatitis E: Nursing Considersations: - ✔✔-Resembles Hepetitis A
-Does not become chronic
-Usually seen in young adults
-Seen in travelers from Asia, Africa, Mexico
Toxic Hepatitis: High Risk Group: - ✔✔-Elderly
-Drug--induced (INH, diuretics, Tetracycline, carbon tetachloride, Tylenol, ETOH)
-Alcohol
Toxic Hepatitis: Transmission: - ✔✔Noninfectious inflammation of liver
, Toxic Hepatitis: Nursing Considerations: - ✔✔-Removal of causative substance
-Check level of consciousness
-Encourage fluids
Anthrax Cutaneous: Symptoms: - ✔✔-1 to 7 days after exposure: itching with small papule or
vesicle
-2 days after lesion formation: enlarged painless lesion with necrotic center
-7 to 10 days after lesion formation: black eschar forms; sloughs after 12th day
Anthrax Cutaneous: Transmission and Incubation: - ✔✔-Skin contact 1 to 7 days
-No person-to-person transmission
-High risk: exposure to contaminated animal hides, veterinarians, personnel who handle
contaminated materials, military
Anthrax Cutaneous: Nursing Considerations: - ✔✔-Standard precautions
-Decontamination:
~Bag clothes in labeled, plastic bags
~Do not agitate clothes
~Instruct client to shower thoroughly with soap and water and shampoo hair
~Wear gloves, gown, and respiratory protection
~Decontaminate surfaces with bleach solution (one-part household bleach to nine-parts water)
~Administer oral fluoroquinolones for post-exposure prophylaxis
~Administer doxycycline, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin
Anthrax Inhalation: Symptoms: - ✔✔-Initial: sore throat, mild fever, muscles aches, malaise
followed by possible brief improvement
-2 to 3 days later: abrupt onset of respiratory failure and shock, fever, hemorrhagic meningitis
Anthrax Inhalation: Transmission and Incubation: - ✔✔-Aerosolized spores
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Hepatits A (HAV)- High Risk Group: - ✔✔-Young children
-Institutions for custodial care
-International travelers to developing countries
Hepatits A (HAV)- Incubation: - ✔✔15-50 days
Hepatits A (HAV)- Transmission: - ✔✔-Common in fall, early winter
-Fecal-oral
-Shellfish from contaminated water
-Poor sanitation
-Contaminated food handlers
-Oral-anal sexual activity
Hepatits A (HAV)- Nursing Considerations: - ✔✔-Survives on hands
-Diagnostic tests: Cultured in stool and detected in serum before onset of disease
-Prevention: improved sanitation; Hepatitis A vaccine
-Treated with gamma globulin early postexposure
-No preparation of food
-Contact precautions in addition to standard precautions for clients diagnosed with hepatitis A
Hepatits B (HBV)- High Risk Group: - ✔✔-Immigrants from areas of endemicity related to this
type of Hepatitis
-Drug addicts
-Fetuses from infected mothers
-Homosexually active men
-Clients on dialysis
-Male prisoners
-Transfusion recipients
,-Health care workers
Hepatits B (HBV)- Incubation: - ✔✔48-180 days
Hepatits B (HBV)- Transmission: - ✔✔-Blood and body fluids
-Parenteral drug abuse
-Sexual contact
-Hemodialysis
-Accidental contaminated needle exposure
-Maternal-fetal route
Hepatits B (HBV)- Nursing Considerations: - ✔✔-Diagnostic tests: Hepatitis B surface antigen,
anti-HBc, anti-HBe
-Treatment: Hepatitis B vaccine (Heptavax-B, Recombivax HB), Hepatitis B immune globulin
(HBIg) postexposure; interferon alpha-2b; lamivudir
-Chronic carriers: frequent; potential for chronicity 5-10%
-Complications: cirrhosis; liver cancer
Hepatitis C (HCV): High Risk Group: - ✔✔-Persons receiving frequent blood transfusions
-International travelers
-Hemophilia clients
Hepatitis C (HCV): Incubation: - ✔✔14-180 days
Hepatitis C (HCV): Transmission: - ✔✔-Contact with blood and body fluids
-IV drug users
Hepatitis C (HCV): Nursing Considersations: - ✔✔-May be asymptomatic
-Complications: cirrhosis; liver cancer
-Great potential for chronicity
,Delta or Hepatitis D (HDV): High Risk Group: - ✔✔-Drug addicts
-Concurrent HBV infection
Delta or Hepatitis D (HDV): Incubation: - ✔✔14-56 days
Delta or Hepatitis D (HDV): Transmission: - ✔✔-Coinfects with Hepatitis B
-Close personal contact
-Parenteral transmission
Delta or Hepatitis D (HDV): Nursing Considersations: - ✔✔-Diagnostic test--HD Ag in serum
Hepatitis E: High Risk Group: - ✔✔-Persons living in under-developed countries
Hepatitis E: Incubation: - ✔✔15-64 days
Hepatitis E: Transmission: - ✔✔-Oral--fecal
-Contaminated water
Hepatitis E: Nursing Considersations: - ✔✔-Resembles Hepetitis A
-Does not become chronic
-Usually seen in young adults
-Seen in travelers from Asia, Africa, Mexico
Toxic Hepatitis: High Risk Group: - ✔✔-Elderly
-Drug--induced (INH, diuretics, Tetracycline, carbon tetachloride, Tylenol, ETOH)
-Alcohol
Toxic Hepatitis: Transmission: - ✔✔Noninfectious inflammation of liver
, Toxic Hepatitis: Nursing Considerations: - ✔✔-Removal of causative substance
-Check level of consciousness
-Encourage fluids
Anthrax Cutaneous: Symptoms: - ✔✔-1 to 7 days after exposure: itching with small papule or
vesicle
-2 days after lesion formation: enlarged painless lesion with necrotic center
-7 to 10 days after lesion formation: black eschar forms; sloughs after 12th day
Anthrax Cutaneous: Transmission and Incubation: - ✔✔-Skin contact 1 to 7 days
-No person-to-person transmission
-High risk: exposure to contaminated animal hides, veterinarians, personnel who handle
contaminated materials, military
Anthrax Cutaneous: Nursing Considerations: - ✔✔-Standard precautions
-Decontamination:
~Bag clothes in labeled, plastic bags
~Do not agitate clothes
~Instruct client to shower thoroughly with soap and water and shampoo hair
~Wear gloves, gown, and respiratory protection
~Decontaminate surfaces with bleach solution (one-part household bleach to nine-parts water)
~Administer oral fluoroquinolones for post-exposure prophylaxis
~Administer doxycycline, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin
Anthrax Inhalation: Symptoms: - ✔✔-Initial: sore throat, mild fever, muscles aches, malaise
followed by possible brief improvement
-2 to 3 days later: abrupt onset of respiratory failure and shock, fever, hemorrhagic meningitis
Anthrax Inhalation: Transmission and Incubation: - ✔✔-Aerosolized spores
